Abstract: An ester based lubricant, particularly suitable for 4-stroke engines comprises at least one ester of a saturated, branched chain monohydric alcohol having at least 8 carbon atoms and a saturated branched chain aliphatic monocarboxylic acid having at least 10 carbon atoms. The esters have a kinematic viscosity of at most 35 cSt (40.degree. C.), a non-polarity index of at least 100, a Noack evaporation loss of at most 10% and a pour point below -30.degree. C.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing a protein by a eukaryote transformed by multicopy integration of an expression vector into the genome of a yeast, such as Saccharomyces, Hansenula, and Kluyveromyces, or of a mould such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Trichoderma, the expression vector containing both an "expressible gene" encoding the protein and a so-called "deficient selection marker needed for the growth of the yeast or mould in a specific medium", such as the LEU2d, TRP1d or URA3d gene, in combination with a ribosomal DNA sequence, resulting in stable high copy integration of 100-300 copies per cell. This multicopy integration results in an increased production of the desired protein, which can be guar .alpha.-galactosidase, an oxidase or a hydrolytic enzyme such as a lipase.

Abstract: Olive oil with a high polyphenols content and a low bitterness is obtained by exposing olive oil to an emulsified water phase which exhibits enzymatic debittering activity and/or by emulsifying with a water phase with a high polyphenols content and evaporating the water phase.

Abstract: A bispecific or bivalent double head antibody fragment, which is composed of a binding complex containing two polypeptide chains, whereby one polypeptide chain has two times a variable domain of a heavy chain (V.sub.H) in series and the other polypeptide chain has two times a variable domain of a light chain (V.sub.L) in series, and the binding complex contains two pairs of variable domains (V.sub.H -A//V.sub.L -A and V.sub.H -B//V.sub.L -B), wherein said double head antibody fragments have binfunctional antigen binding activity. A process for producing such an antibody fragment is disclosed. An immunoassay is also provided for, wherein the improvement is the inclusion of a bispecific or bivalent double head antibody fragment, which is composed of a binding complex containing two polypeptide chains, whereby one polypeptide chain has two times a variable domain of a heavy chain (V.sub.H) in series and the other polypeptide chain has two times a variable domain of a light chain (V.sub.

Abstract: Disclosed is a nucleotide sequence comprising substantially the sequence of nucleotides 229 to 2319 of the sequence shown in FIG. 1 encoding an enzyme having exo-(1.fwdarw.4)-.beta.-D-galactanase activity or a precursor or derivative of such an enzyme, or the functional equivalent of such a sequence. Also disclosed are vectors and hosts comprising the sequence of the invention, and a polypeptide encoded thereby. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of a functionally equivalent enzyme obtainable from tomato fruit are also disclosed.

Abstract: Process for flavouring an edible oil by incorporating into a recipient oil flavour substances of which a part has been derived from liquid/liquid extraction, particularly using an ethanol/water mixture of a flavour source liquid, characterized in that another part of the flavour substances has been derived from gas/liquid extraction using an extraction gas which is conducted first through a heated flavour oil and then through a cooler recipient oil.

Abstract: Fractionation of lauric oils which contain a crystallization modifying substance consisting of a sucrose ester containing at least 40 wt. % laurate. With palmkernel oil fractionation a separation efficiency of more than 70% can be attained.

Abstract: Frozen or chilled confectionery products, in particular ice-creams, with a unique taste performance comprising a fat-continuous or bicontinuous or duplex fat-emulsion comprising 5-50 wt % fat, 5-60 wt % water, 5-80 wt % thickener, sweetener and/or humectant, the emulsion being present as a coating layer, a barrier layer or as an inclusion.

Abstract: A dehydrated vegetable product is obtained by:(a) flash blanching a vegetable in about 100% saturated steam;(b) steam cooking the vegetable in 35 to 65% saturated steam; and(c) cooking the vegetable by exposure to infra-red radiation for from 1.5 to 6.0 minutes.This dehydrated vegetable product is particularly useful as a binder in complex moulded products and as a filling or topping component.

Abstract: Improved affinity purification media are provided by the use of small specific binding agents, especially Fv antibody fragments or single domain antibody fragments, immobilised on porous carriers having pore sizes in the range 30-1000 angstroms, preferably 30-300 angstroms. Silica is a preferred carrier. The small fragments are able to penetrate the pores and maximise the effective surface area of the carrier, and the microporous silica is sufficiently robust to be used at high pressure, so enabling the speed and/or throughput of a purification procedure to be increased.

Abstract: A method of delivering a cosmetic agent to the body, comprising electrostatically spraying thereon a cosmetic composition comprising said cosmetic agent, the composition having a resistivity of less than 10.sup.4 ohm cm. Apparatus for carrying out the method comprises a reservoir for the composition, delivery means, a voltage generator, and control means for applying the voltage from the generator to the delivery means to electrostatically spray the composition. The cosmetic agent may comprise an antiperspirant or other type of personal cosmetic product.

Abstract: The perceptibility of an undesirable odoriferous substance, for example a malodour or an off-flavour in a foodstuff, is reduced by means of a poplypeptide with binding affinity thereto, such as an antibody to the odoriferous substance or a fragment of such an antibody.

Abstract: A soft-milling wheat which produces dough having exceptionally low visco-elasticity is provided by breeding from a variety having Glu-D1 double null trait, such as the landrace "Nap Hal". The wheat can be used in the manufacture of biscuits and wafers without the need to treat the flour with agents such as sodium metabisulphite.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrochemical reaction wherein a controlled amount of a first reagent is generated electrochemically at an electrode in electrical contact with a solution of an electrochemically inert salt, comprising applying a suitable electrical potential to the electrode for a suitable time to generate a controlled amount of the first reagent by electrochemical reaction between the electrode and a species in solution producing a localized thin layer environment comprising the first reagent in the vicinity of the electrode; and monitoring the amount or presence of the first reagent or a further species produced in solution in response to production of the first reagent. The method invention thus involves generating the first reagent in situ at an electrode.

Abstract: A process for cutting food products, especially brittle food products such as frozen fish. The process involves mounting a cutting blade on an ultrasonic system in a manner such that the blade is vibrated parallel to the out face and the aspect of travel of ultrasound down the blade is approximately 90.degree. to the cutting edge of the blade. The cutting blade has a significantly blunted tip. The cutting is effected, at least in part, by localised heating of the food product. The process permits cutting of brittle food products into portions with minimum wastage. Fracturing is also reduced thus allowing the portion size to be accurately controlled and providing a final portion having smooth surfaces.

Abstract: A cosmetic composition for topical application to the skin and/or hair includes, optionally in a cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, particles which enclose a cosmetically-effective benefit agent active at a target location accessible by application to the skin and/or hair, and which have means to bind to an organic surface at the target location. In particular, the particles are liposomes and have means for binding to microorganisms present on the skin and/or hair, for example those responsible for skin disorders, scalp irritation, and underarm and foot odour.

Abstract: The production of an active Pseudomonas glumae lipase isolated from P. glumae PG1 (CBS 322.89) and other lipases suitable for application in detergent systems is described in homologous, but particularly in heterologous hosts, e.g. Bacillus subtilis. For the latter a "helper function" or "lipase-specific stabilization/translocation protein" is needed, for which a gene is provided which, when expressed in concert with the lipase gene, can improve the stabilization of the intermediates involved in the production and translocation/secretion of the lipase. The hosts are transformed by recombinant DNA methods and modified lipases can be made by site-directed mutation or classical mutation techniques. The lipase gene and the gene encoding the helper function can be part of one operon that can be transcribed to form a polycistronic messenger or be present as separate genes yielding two mRNA's on transcription. The production level can be further improved by optimising the regulation sequences.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel monoclonal antibodies, raised against salivary pellicle, which are capable of recognising cryptitopes. They can be conjugated with a therapeutic or cosmetic active agent and can be targeted to the enamel pellicle or to the salivary coat on a developing biofilm on the teeth. They are particularly suitable for inclusion in oral care products.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing gamma-lactones useful for incorporation in flavorings and fragrances, wherein a micro-organism which is acceptable for making food grade products and which does not metabolize gamma-lactones, is cultured aerobically in a culture medium containing as the substrate a hydroxy fatty acid having an even number 4 of carbon atoms between the carboxyl group and the carbon atom carrying the hydroxy group. The preferred micro-organism is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Debaromyces hansenii or Candida boidinii species. The gamma-hydroxy-alkanoic acid reaction product of the process is lactonized either in the fermentation broth or after separation therefrom. Especially suitable are 12-hydroxy fatty acids such as ricinoleic acid. The hydroxy fatty acid may be added either pure or as the mixture obtained by hydrolysis of an ester thereof. Enzymatic hydrolysis of such ester may be done in situ in the fermentation broth.