Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus for spectroscopic ellipsometry, preferably for infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry, and a method for spectroscopic ellipsometry employing the apparatus. In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise a light source (12), a detector (30), a polarizer (40), an analyzer (41), and a measuring probe (10). In one embodiment, the measuring probe may comprise an ATR prism (50) having at least one first surface having at least one measuring portion (M) configured to be brought in optical contact with a measured object (72), and at least one second surface having at least one reflective portion (RX).

Abstract: In a method for recovering volatile components from a solid material, a liquid phase is mechanically removed from the solid material. Subsequently, the solid material is dried by exposing the solid material to superheated steam circulating in a closed circuit. From the closed circuit excess steam that contains volatile components given off by the solid material is removed. The volatile components are separated from the excess steam by condensing the excess steam to a condensed phase and the volatile components are from the condensed phase by adding suitable ions to the condensed phase to crystallize the volatile components.

Abstract: In a method for impregnating semi-finished fibrous products using resin as the impregnating means, winding or laying the semi-finished fibrous products in a plurality of layers on top of one another onto a receiving carrier is initially performed. Here, lower layers lie close to the receiving carrier, and upper layers lie more remote therefrom. The receiving carrier is configured so as to be permeable to the impregnating means. The impregnating means is then introduced through the receiving carrier into the semi-finished fibrous products, wherein the impregnating means initially permeates the lower layers and then permeates the upper layers of the semi-finished fibrous products.

Abstract: An apparatus for pulsation-free and oscillation-free total evaporation of media has an evaporation pipe having at least one inlet and at least one outlet for the media to be evaporated, and a displacement body is disposed coaxially, at least in a part of the evaporation pipe, wherein the displacement body lies against an inner wall of the evaporation pipe, at least over a part of its longitudinal expanse, so that at least one evaporation channel is formed, and the evaporation pipe can be temperature-regulated by a heating device, and the displacement body has an at least triangular cross-section, has a greater length expanse than width expanse, and is twisted about its longitudinal axis.

Abstract: An exhaust gas system for an internal combustion engine includes at least one first and one second exhaust gas connection interface for fluidically separated discharge of exhaust gas arising during a combustion process from a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, and one at least dual-pipe exhaust gas turbocharger having at least one first and one second supply connection interface for fluidically separated supply of the exhaust gases arising during the combustion process, wherein a first connecting channel is designed for fluidic connection of the first exhaust gas connection interface to the first supply connection interface, and a second connecting channel is designed for fluidic connection of the second exhaust gas connection interface to the second supply connection interface. At least one of the connecting channels is designed to be at least partially closable by a closure element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and arrangement for short coherence holography for distance measurement, for profile detection and/or for 3D detection of one or more object elements and/or object areas and/or objects or for readout of holographic volume memories with a holographic interferometer and with at least one short coherence light source. For each optically detected object element in the hologram the holographic interferometer has an optical path difference clearly unequal to zero. At least one spectrally integrally detecting, rastered detector is arranged. The short coherence light source with frequency comb is designed with the optical delay length Y1. Detected holograms are digitally reconstructed. Relative distances of object elements are digitally calculated from the hologram reconstructions, so that a 3D point cloud of object elements and/or object areas and/or objects is produced.

Abstract: The present invention relates in general to the field of TNF ligand family members. In more detail the present invention relates to polypeptides comprising at least three components A, each of which comprises the sequence of a TNF homology domain (THD) of a TNF ligand family member, or a functional derivative thereof, and comprising at least one component B consisting of a VL region and a VH region linked directly to each other with a linker sequence L which has a length of <12 amino acids. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to nucleic acids encoding such polypeptides and pharmaceutical compositions thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a ligand, which specifically binds to human tumor necrosis factor type 1 receptor (huTNFR1). The ligand includes one or more amino acid sequences of human origin capable of reducing the immunogenic response of the ligand in humans and one or more amino acid sequences capable of selectively binding to huTNFR1. The present invention also relates to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the ligand and to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of disorders related to huTNFR1.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electro-optical phase modulator with a plurality of elements arranged between two substrates, which\are produced from an optically isotropic material which becomes optically anisotropic when an electrical field is applied, wherein for each of the elements respectively one electrode is arranged on both substrates and the electrodes can be individually controlled at least on one of the substrates.

Abstract: An exhaust gas system for an internal combustion engine includes at least one first and one second exhaust gas connection interface for fluidically separated discharge of exhaust gas arising during a combustion process from a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, and one at least dual-pipe exhaust gas turbocharger having at least one first and one second supply connection interface for fluidically separated supply of the exhaust gases arising during the combustion process, wherein a first connecting channel is designed for fluidic connection of the first exhaust gas connection interface to the first supply connection interface, and a second connecting channel is designed for fluidic connection of the second exhaust gas connection interface to the second supply connection interface. At least one of the connecting channels is designed to be at least partially closable by a closure element.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing cubic diamond nanocrystals (10) comprising the following successive steps: (a) providing crystalline diamond powder where the maximum particle size of the powder is equal or more than 2 um and equal or less than 1 mm; (b) milling said crystalline micron diamond powder using nitrogen jet milling micronization so as to manufacture a fine powder; (c) nanomilling the fine powder of step b) using a planetary tungsten carbide ball mill; (d) acid treating the nanomilled powder of step c); (e) extracting the cubic diamond nanocrystals (10) by centrifugation. Advantageously round-shaped cubic diamond nanocrystals are manufactured.

Abstract: An arrangement and a method are provided for robust interferometry for detecting distance, depth, profile, form, undulation, flatness deviation and/or roughness or the optical path length in or on technical or biological objects, including in layered form, or else for optical coherence tomography (OCT), with a source of electromagnetic radiation and with an interferometer, in particular also in the form of an interference microscope, having an object beam path and having a reference beam path, in which an end reflector is arranged, and a line-scan detector for detecting electromagnetic radiation in the form of at least one spatial interferogram.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the direct alkylation of aromatic compounds with alkanes. To this end a judicious catalyst combination is provided. The composition comprises palladium as a catalytically active metal, and zinc as a promoter, or a metal such as tin having a comparable promoting action. The metals are contained in a zeolite support, or a similar support of a metal organic framework type or a silico alumino phosphate type.

Abstract: To improve a laser system comprising at least one externally stabilizable semiconductor laser, from the laser active zone of which a laser radiation field can be coupled out, and a feedback element, disposed externally in the laser radiation field, which couples out, from the laser radiation field, a feedback radiation field having a defined wavelength and bandwidth, and couples back same into the active laser zone for determining the wavelength and bandwidth of the laser radiation field, in such a way that the wavelength stabilization may be achieved more cost-effectively, it is proposed that the feedback element is a resonant waveguide grating which reflects back a portion of the laser radiation field lying within an angular acceptance range.

Abstract: A method and an arrangement are provided for scalable confocal interferometry for distance measurement, for 3-D detection of an object, for Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) tomography with an object imaging interferometer and at least one light source. The interferometer has an optical path difference not equal to zero at each optically detected object element. Thus, the maxima of a sinusoidal frequency wavelet, associated with each detected object element, each have a frequency difference ?f_Object. At least one spectrally integrally detecting, rastered detector is arranged to record the object. The light source preferably has a frequency comb, and the frequency comb differences ?f_Source are changed in a predefined manner over time in a scan during measuring. In the process, the frequency differences ?f_Source are made equal to the frequency difference ?f_Object or equal to an integer multiple of the frequency differences ?f_Object at least once for each object element.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a ligand, which specifically binds to human tumor necrosis factor type 1 receptor (huTNFR1). The ligand includes one or more amino acid sequences of human origin capable of reducing the immunogenic response of the ligand in humans and one or more amino acid sequences capable of selectively binding to huTNFR1. The present invention also relates to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the ligand and to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of disorders related to huTNFR1.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for recovering volatile components from a solid (10), characterized by the following method steps: drying (12) the solid (10) by means of superheated steam, withdrawing excess steam (14) from a closed circuit (23), and recovering (18) the volatile components from the excess steam (14).

Abstract: To improve a laser system comprising at least one externally stabilizable semiconductor laser, from the laser active zone of which a laser radiation field can be coupled oute, and a feedback element, disposed externally in the laser radiation field, which couples out, from the laser radiation field, a feedback radiation field having a defined wavelength and bandwidth, and couples back same into the active laser zone for determining the wavelength and bandwidth of the laser radiation field, in such a way that the wavelength stabilization may be achieved more cost-effectively, it is proposed that the feedback element is a resonant waveguide grating which reflects back a portion of the laser radiation field lying within an angular acceptance range.

Abstract: An engine exhaust gas purification device comprising control unit having successively arranged switching device (1), counter-current heat exchanger (3) and at least one exhaust gas purification component (2). The switching device (1) has a first position where a flow path (6) of the exhaust gas to the exhaust gas purification component (2) is opened and a second position where a flow path (6) of the exhaust gas to the exhaust gas purification component (2) is blocked and the exhaust gas flows along a further flow path (7) where the exhaust gas is heated and conveyed, via a flow path (20) of the exhaust gas purification component (2), and exits the exhaust gas purification unit (5) through outlet channels (4) of the counter-current heat exchanger (3). The switching device, the exhaust gas purification component, the counter-current heat exchanger and the flow paths are integrated in a compact exhaust gas treatment unit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an object-based processor architecture which allows exact pointer identification by strictly separating pointers and data from one another in the memory and in the processor registers. The access to the memory is performed exclusively via pointers which refer to objects. An object contains separate areas for pointers and data and an attribute field for describing the length of the two areas. Both the pointers in the pointer registers and also the pointers in the pointer areas of the objects directly contain the address of the objects to which they refer. The suggested processor architecture allows the integration of automatic garbage collection, which may be implemented completely or partially in hardware. A real-time capable garbage collection may be implemented especially efficiently through hardware support.