Abstract: A method of preparing an electrode for use in a biophotovoltaic device, comprising the steps of: coating a self-assembled film on a substrate using Langmuir-Blodgett technique; and immersing the coated substrate into an microalgae culture, followed by incubating thereof to grow microalgae thereon hence obtaining a biofilm, characterised in that the self-assembled film is derived from graphene.

Abstract: A parallel self-timed adder (PASTA) is disclosed. It is based on recursive formulation and uses only half adders for performing multi-bit binary addition. Theoretically the operation is parallel for those bits that do not need any carry chain propagation. Thus the new approach attains logarithmic performance without any special speed-up circuitry or look-ahead schema. The corresponding CMOS implementation of the design along with completion detection unit is also presented. The design is regular and does not have any practical limitations of fan-ins or fan-outs or complex interconnections. Thus it is more suitable for adoption in fast adder implementation in high-performance processors. The performance of the implementation is tested using SPICE circuit simulation tool by linear technology. Simulation results show its superiority over cascaded circuit adders. A constant time carry propagation is also achieved using the proposed implementation by tuning the CMOS parameters.