Abstract: Anion exchange polymers comprise a plurality of repeating units of formula (I). The polymer may be synthesized from a super acid catalyzed polyhydroxyalkylation reaction of monomers Ar1?, Ar2?, and X1? to form a neutral precursor polymer followed by a Menshutkin reaction to convert the neutral precursor polymer to the anion exchange polymer. Anion exchange membranes and membrane electrode assemblies incorporating the anion exchange polymers are also described.

Abstract: A process for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide using a three-compartment cell provides low voltage requirements, high faradaic efficiencies, and high concentration of formic acid in product solutions. The applied voltage between anode and cathode should be less than 3.5V. Carbon dioxide may be converted to an organic acid.

Abstract: A process is provided to produce increased amounts of cycloparaffin compounds in a methanol to jet fuel process by modifying the olefin oligomerization step that after hydrogenation provides the increased quantities of cycloparaffins for jet fuel. A two stage oligomerization process is employed in which an acidic catalyst such as a zeolite is in one reactor and a metal, such as nickel, on alumina catalyst is in a second reactor. The two stages may be in either order in the process. A small amount of aromatic compounds may be added to the feed to achieve the desired level of cycloparaffins in the product. Adjustments to other aspects of the process may also help to provide a product with higher cycloparaffin content.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a bio-oil stream is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a bio-oil stream with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in a reactor to produce an upgraded bio-oil stream. The upgraded bio-oil stream is charged to an FCC unit, a hydroprocessing unit, or a reforming unit to produce an intermediate blend or a fuel stream. A fuel oil stream can be taken from the upgraded bio-oil stream. The catalyst may be separated and recycled to the reactor. The upgraded bio-oil stream can be used directly to produce an intermediate blend or fuel. A fuel oil stream may be taken from the upgraded bio-oil stream.

Abstract: A process for oligomerizing olefins to distillate fuels which oligomerizes a recycle olefin stream with a charge olefin stream in a first-stage oligomerization reactor. The first-stage oligomerate is oligomerized in a second-stage oligomerzation reactor to provide a second-stage oligomerate stream. The second-stage oligomer stream is hydrogenated to produce fuels. A stripping column is used to prepare the hydrogenated fuel streams for fractionation.

Abstract: A process and apparatus integrate recovery of propylene from a pyrolysis reactor and a paraffin dehydrogenation reactor. A common C3 splitter column fractionates propylene product from propane recycle to a paraffin dehydrogenation reactor. The C3 hydrocarbons may be provided from a pyrolysis reactor and from a dehydrogenation reactor.

Abstract: A process for preparing an olefin stream for oligomerization comprises fractionating an olefin stream to provide an ethylene stream and a olefin rich stream. Acetylenes in the ethylene stream are converted to ethylene in the presence of hydrogen to provide a concentrated ethylene stream that can be oligomerized.

Abstract: A process for removing contaminants from coal-derived phenols is described. The process combines an extraction process with at least two adsorption zones containing adsorbents. Liquid-liquid and acid base extraction processes can be used. The adsorbents can be clays and/or zeolites. The process can be used to reduce organonitrogen compounds and organosulfur compounds to levels below 10 ppmw and to generate a colorless product.

Abstract: High efficiency CCM post-treatment methods are described. A multilayer CCM mesh cage has multiple shelves. Each CCM is placed in between one or two pieces of mesh and loaded into the multilayer CCM mesh cage, which is made of mesh so that the acid or base can contact the CCMs. Multiple CCM cages can be soaked in an acid tank at the same time. A circulation pump can be included in the acid or base tank to circulate the acid or base during the CCM post-treatment. Large batch of CCMs can be treated simultaneously.

Abstract: A process for dehydration of an ethanol feed stream comprising sending said ethanol feed stream and steam to a radial flow reactor to contact a catalyst under reaction conditions and produce an effluent comprising ethylene. The use of a radial flow reactor eliminates concerns about pressure drops that may occur with conventional fixed bed downflow reactors.

Abstract: A process for preparing an olefin stream for oligomerization comprises fractionating an olefin stream to provide a light gas stream and a olefin rich stream. The olefin rich stream is selectively hydrogenated to convert diolefins to mono-olefins and provide a mono-olefin stream and oligomerizing the mono-olefin stream over an oligomerization catalyst to provide an oligomerized stream.

Abstract: A process for dimerizing and oligomerizing olefins to distillate fuels which subjects oligomerized product to hydrocracking and hydroisomerization in a single reactor to convert heavier oligomers to jet fuel range oligomers. A jet fuel product stream may be taken from a side of a stripping column which produces a heavy drag stream from a bottom of the stripping column to ensure an end point boiling specification is achieved.

Abstract: Composite proton exchange membranes are described. The composite proton-exchange membranes comprise three layers including a proton exchange membrane layer, a continuous nonporous organic-inorganic composite coating layer, and a continuous nonporous cross-linked polyelectrolyte multilayer coating. Catalyst coated membranes incorporating the composite proton exchange membranes and methods of making the composite proton exchange membranes are also described.

Abstract: A process and apparatus comprise a reaction chamber that includes an aspect ratio between about 0.7 and 1.3 for establishing a dense catalyst bed in the reaction chamber while minimizing hot residence time of the product gas in a range that will not deteriorate product selectivity. We have found the dense catalyst bed is necessary to ensure sufficient contact between catalyst and feed gas.

Abstract: A composition for selectively removing a first ionic contaminant from a wastewater stream. The composition is formed into a particle. The composition includes a core formed of a non-active material relative to the first ionic contaminant, and, a shell formed from an active material relative to the first ionic contaminant, wherein the active material comprises between 10 to 50 wt % of the particle. The shell may also include a binder material that may be non-active relative to the first ionic contaminant, but active relative to a second ionic contaminant. The core may be formed from a glass-forming material so that a vitrification process may be used for the spent solid waste.

Abstract: Various current collectors for redox flow batteries are described. The current collectors include at least one metal plate encapsulated in a conductive polymer end plate, the metal plate to the back of a stack end plate with a conductive adhesive, and a flat metal plate having deformable tabs. Battery flow systems incorporating the current collectors are also described. Battery flow systems with easily replaceable current collectors are also described.

Abstract: Processes and a catalyst for the cycloaddition of an olefin, such as C2 to C4 olefins like, ethylene, propylene and butylene, to a biomass derived compound, such as dimethylfuran, furan, methylfuran. The catalyst has a relatively low silica to alumina ratio of around 25 compared with conventional catalysts which have a ratio greater than 1000. The catalyst has phosphorus and may be a beta zeolite. Such a catalyst can be used to generate a high yield of bio-based para-xylene.

Abstract: Processes for producing mono-methyl alkylbenzenes from natural oils are described. The processes includes a linear selective cracking process to crack C14+ chains into C9 to C14 chains which are useful for making linear alkylbenzene for use in detergents and a hydroisomerization step to produce paraffins with mono-methyl branching which can be reacted with benzene to form the mono-methyl alkyl benzenes.

Abstract: A high selectivity and high CO2 plasticization resistant polymer comprises a plurality of repeating units of formula (I) for gas separation applications. The polymer may be synthesized from a superacid catalyzed poly(hydroalkylation) reaction. Membranes made from the polymer and gas separation processes using the membranes made from the polymer are also described.

Abstract: A process for distributing quench fluid to a stream of product comprising contacting a feed stream with a stream of catalyst to convert the feed stream to product. The quench fluid is sprayed into the stream of product from a first distributor through at least one first opening centered at a first radial position and from a second distributor through at least one second opening centered at a second radial position different from the first radial position. Catalyst is preferably separated from the product stream prior to quenching. The process may include a first set of first distributors and a second set of second distributors.