Abstract: Processes and apparatuses for operating a centrifugal gas compressor. A storage tank containing a liquid buffer material is provided and used to offset density fluctuations in the gas stream passed to the compressor. The storage tank may contain a component of the high-pressure gas stream provided by the compressor, such as carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A catalyst is provided for hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerization of paraffins having higher activity. The catalyst contains a molecular sieve, such as SAPO-11, a metal component such as platinum and/or palladium or nickel tungsten sulfide or nickel molybdenum sulfide and a binder such as gamma alumina. The catalyst exhibits a high proportion of weak acid sites and a relatively equal distribution of the metal component on the molecular sieve and the binder.

Abstract: A redox flow battery with an electrochemical balancing cell having first and second chambers. The first chamber includes a catalyst coated substrate and the second chamber includes an electrode. Each receives an electrolyte from the redox flow battery. There is a single interface between the two chambers. The balancing cell reverses parasitic reactions in the first chamber that occur in the redox flow battery. The products of the reversed reactions are carried away from the electrochemical balancing cell and back to the redox flow battery in the electrolyte that carried the reactant to the first chamber. Also, processes for reversing a parasitic reaction in a redox flow battery.

Abstract: A process for preparing an olefin stream for oligomerization comprises fractionating an olefin stream to provide a light gas stream and an olefin rich stream. Oxygenates are absorbed from the olefin rich stream into a water wash stream to provide an oxygenate rich water wash stream and a washed olefin stream. The washed olefin stream can then be oligomerized.

Abstract: A fixed bed, radial flow reforming reactor having an inner catalyst zone between an inlet fluid zone and an outlet fluid zone. The catalyst zone is separated into two concentric, annular zones, a first annular zone having a first solid particle material having a first catalytic activity for reforming hydrocarbons into the catalyst zone, and, a second annular zone having a second solid particle material having a second catalytic activity for reforming hydrocarbons into the catalyst zone, wherein the second catalytic activity is different. One of the materials may be inert. A divider may be used to separate the two annular zones.

Abstract: A process for oligomerizing olefin streams comprising sending olefin streams comprising a C2? olefin vapor stream and a C3+ olefin liquids stream to a first stage oligomerization reactor containing a solid acid oligomerization catalyst to produce a first stage oligomerized stream; oligomerizing said first-stage oligomerization stream in a second stage oligomerization reactor containing a metal catalyst to provide a second stage oligomerized stream.

Abstract: Processes and apparatuses for recovering a high purity carbon dioxide stream. A first separation zone that may include a cryogenic fractionation column provides the high-purity CO2 stream. A vapor stream from the cryogenic fractionation column is passed to a second separation zone to separate the CO2 from the other components. The second separation zone may include a pressure swing adsorption unit or a solvent separation unit. The second separation zone provides a hydrogen enriched gas stream that may be used in a gas turbine. The second stream from the second separation zone includes carbon dioxide and, after a pressure increase in a compressor, may be recycled to the first separation zone.

Abstract: A process for converting naphtha to light olefins comprises contacting a naphtha stream with a zeolitic catalyst to produce a light paraffin stream at conditions which dehydrogenate the naphtha to olefins, interconvert the olefins to lighter olefins and hydrogenate the lighter olefins to produce a light paraffin stream comprising ethane and propane. The catalyst may comprise a zeolite and a metal.

Abstract: A feed stream of cyclic paraffins may be separated to obtain an overhead of methylcyclopentane or cyclohexane and a bottoms stream cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane. The overhead stream may be subjected to separation of normal paraffins from non-normal paraffins with the former being isomerized or the entire overhead stream may be isomerized. In a further embodiment, the bottoms stream may be subjected to steam cracking. In an additional embodiment, the feed stream of cyclic paraffins may be formerly subjected to aromatic saturation.

Abstract: The apparatus produces a diesel stream from a biorenewable feedstock by hydrotreating to remove heteroatoms and hydroisomerization to improve cold flow properties. Heavy diesel can be hydrocracked to jet fuel range material or further hydroisomerized to increase its value lower its freeze point while light diesel may be taken as a motor fuel.

Abstract: A flow battery system with a cathode cell including a first electrode, an anode cell includes a second electrode, and a membrane between the two cells. A first electrolyte tank includes a catholyte. A second electrolyte tank includes an anolyte. The system includes two rebalancing cells. A first rebalancing cell is in fluid communication between the cathode cell and the first electrolyte tank and is configured to reduce active species from the catholyte. The second rebalancing cell is in fluid communication with the first electrolyte tank and the second electrolyte tank such that the first electrolyte tank and the second electrolyte tank are in direct fluid communication. The second rebalancing cell is configured to reduce active species from the catholyte and the reduced catholyte may be combined directly with the anolyte. The second rebalancing cell may be a chemical reactor, a catalytic reactor, or an electrochemical reactor.

Abstract: An integrated apparatus for hydrogenating olefins wherein the hydrogen stream is generated from the electrolysis of water is described. Water is derived from a first reaction step wherein a first feed stream comprising oxygenated hydrocarbons is reacted to produce a first reacted product stream comprising olefins and a second reacted product stream comprising water. The second reacted product stream is electrolyzed to produce an electrolyzer product stream comprising hydrogen. Hydrogen is used to hydrogenate olefins. A paraffin stream can be obtained from the hydrogenated effluent.

Abstract: A process for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide using a three-compartment cell provides low voltage requirements, high faradaic efficiencies, and high concentration of formic acid in product solutions. The applied voltage between anode and cathode should be less than 3.5V. Carbon dioxide may be converted to an organic acid.

Abstract: A family of crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites has been synthesized that is a layered pentasil zeolite. These zeolites are represented by the empirical formula: Mmn+Rrp+Al1-xExSiyOz where M is an alkali, alkaline earth, or rare earth metal such as sodium or strontium, R can be a mixture of organoammonium cations and E is a framework element such as gallium, iron, boron, or indium. These zeolites are characterized by unique x-ray diffraction patterns and compositions and have catalytic properties for carrying out various hydrocarbon conversion processes.

Abstract: A process for maximizing production of heavy naphtha from a hydrocarbon stream is disclosed. The process comprises providing a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising diesel to a separation column to provide a light diesel stream and a heavy diesel stream. The heavy diesel stream is hydrocracked in the presence of a hydrogen stream and a first hydrocracking catalyst in a first hydrocracking reactor at a first hydrocracking pressure of 13790 kPa to 17237 kPa to provide a first hydrocracked effluent stream. The light diesel stream is hydrocracked in the presence of a hydrogen stream and a second hydrocracking catalyst in a second hydrocracking reactor at a second hydrocracking pressure of 3450 kPa to 6205 kPa to provide a second hydrocracked effluent stream. At least a portion of the first hydrocracked effluent stream and at least a portion of the second hydrocracked effluent stream are fractioned to produce heavy naphtha.

Abstract: A process for hydrotreating a renewable feedstock with improved carbon monoxide management is disclosed. A mixture of renewable feedstock and hydrocarbon feedstock is treated in a hydrotreating reactor to produce a hydrotreated effluent stream and contacting the hydrotreated effluent stream with a water gas shift catalyst bed to produce a shift reactor effluent stream. The shift reactor effluent stream is passed to a cold separator to recover a cold vapor stream and recycling the cold vapor stream having reduced concentration of carbon monoxide to the hydrotreating zone. The subject matter disclosed provides an improved process and apparatus to reduce the accumulation of CO by converting CO present in the hydrotreated effluent stream to CO2 using the water shift gas reaction.

Abstract: A low cost, high selectivity asymmetric polyimide/polyethersulfone (PES) blend hollow fiber membrane, a method of making the membrane and its use for a variety of liquid, gas, and vapor separations such as deep desulfurization of gasoline and diesel fuels, ethanol/water separations, pervaporation dehydration of aqueous/organic mixtures, CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, H2/CH4, He/CH4, O2/N2, H2S/CH4, olefin/paraffin, iso/normal paraffins separations, and other light gas mixture separations. The polyimide/PES blend hollow fiber membrane is fabricated from a blend of a polyimide polymer and PES and showed surprisingly unique gas separation property with higher selectivities than either the polyimide hollow fiber membrane without PES polymer or the PES hollow fiber membrane without PES polymer for gas separations such as for H2/CH4, He/CH4, H2S/CH4, CO2/CH4 separations.

Abstract: A process is provided for purification of biogas to produce biomethane. The biogas is treated in a pressure swing adsorption unit to remove carbon dioxide and water. Other impurities including oxygen, hydrogen and carbon monoxide may be removed by an additional adsorption bed. The adsorption beds may be single stage or two-stage VPSA or PSA adsorption beds.

Abstract: A new catalyst hydroisomerizes C18 paraffins from fatty acids to a high degree to produce a composition with acceptable freeze point which retains 18 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule for jet fuel. We have discovered a fuel composition comprising at least 14 wt % hydrocarbon molecules having at least 18 carbon atoms and a freeze point not higher than ?40° C. The composition also may exhibit a exhibiting a final boiling point of no more than 300° C. The hydroisomerization process can be once through or a portion of the product diesel stream may be selectively hydrocracked or recycled to hydroisomerization to obtain a fuel composition that meets jet fuel specifications.

Abstract: Processes for converting ethanol and syngas (CO and H2) to isobutanol are disclosed. Syngas and ethanol are reacted in the first reaction zone in the presence of a first heterogeneous catalyst to produce a first reactor effluent comprising a first mixture of alcohols. The first reactor effluent is reacted a second reaction zone in the presence of a second heterogeneous catalyst to produce a second reactor effluent comprising a second mixture of alcohols. The second reactor effluent is separated into an overhead gas stream and a liquid bottom stream. The liquid bottom stream is separated into at least a C1-2 stream, a C3 stream, and a C4+ stream. The isobutanol is recovered from the C4+ stream.