Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and systems for the conversion of bioalcohol to renewable diesel fuel are disclosed.

Abstract: A process for removing Pb2+, Hg2+ and other heavy metal toxins from bodily fluids is disclosed. The process involves treating a patient with a small molecule heavy metal chelator to remove these toxins from bones and soft tissue cells into the blood or other bodily fluid. Then an ion exchange composition is used to ion exchange the heavy metal toxins from bodily fluids either within the body or by treatment outside the body such as by dialysis. The ion exchange compositions may be supported by porous networks of biocompatible polymers such as carbohydrates or proteins.

Abstract: We have discovered a process for catalytic production of olefins comprising passing a feed stream to an isomerization unit to provide a first hydrocarbon stream rich in iso-paraffins. The first hydrocarbon stream is contacted with a first stream of fluid catalyst in a first reactor riser to produce a first mixture of spent catalyst and product gases. The first mixture of spent catalyst and product gases is separated into a first cracked product stream and a first stream of cool catalyst. A dilute ethylene stream is separated from the first cracked product stream which is oligomerized to produce a second hydrocarbon stream comprising C4+ oligomers. The second hydrocarbon stream is contacted with a second stream of fluid catalyst in a second reactor riser to produce a second mixture of spent catalyst and product gases.

Abstract: Processes for increasing an affinity of a filter media to airborne viral particles. A fiber substrate comprising borosilicate is provided. The fiber substrate may comprise acidic functional groups. A metal salt solution is introduced to the fiber substrate to form a treated substrate. The metal salt solution includes divalent and/or trivalent metal cations. The pH of the metal salt solution is adjusted, and a divalent and/or trivalent metal cation is exchanged with a proton from the acidic functional groups. The metal may be present in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 3.0 wt. % of the treated fiber substrate. The treated fiber substrate is incorporated into a filter media before or after the deposition of the metal onto the fiber substrate.

Abstract: A process for reducing pressure of a flue gas stream comprising passing a pressurized flue gas stream from a catalyst regenerator to an orifice chamber through an inlet. The pressurized flue gas stream is longitudinally passed through orifices in a plurality of plates in the chamber to reduce the pressure of the flue gas stream and passed from the chamber at a lower pressure than at the inlet. The plurality of orifice plates in the chamber may be spaced apart along a height of the chamber in an apparatus embodiment. Each one of the orifice plates may comprise an array of orifice strips. The strips may be sized to be inserted and removed from the chamber through a manway for installation and replacement. The process and apparatus may enable rapid replacement of eroded plates.

Abstract: A process for oligomerizing olefins to distillate fuels which oligomerizes a recycle olefin stream with a charge olefin stream in a first-stage oligomerization reactor. The first-stage oligomerate is oligomerized in a second-stage oligomerzation reactor to provide a second-stage oligomerate stream. A recycle olefin stream is taken from said second-stage oligomerate stream.

Abstract: A process and apparatus integrate recovery of propylene from a pyrolysis reactor and a paraffin dehydrogenation reactor. The improved process for recovering light olefins utilizes heats of compression to heat reboil streams.

Abstract: Anion exchange polymers comprise a plurality of repeating units of formula (I). The polymer may be synthesized from a super acid catalyzed polyhydroxyalkylation reaction of monomers Ar1?, Ar2?, and X1? to form a neutral precursor polymer followed by a Menshutkin reaction to convert the neutral precursor polymer to the anion exchange polymer. Anion exchange membranes and membrane electrode assemblies incorporating the anion exchange polymers are also described.

Abstract: A process for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide using a three-compartment cell provides low voltage requirements, high faradaic efficiencies, and high concentration of formic acid in product solutions. The applied voltage between anode and cathode should be less than 3.5V. Carbon dioxide may be converted to an organic acid.

Abstract: A process is provided to produce increased amounts of cycloparaffin compounds in a methanol to jet fuel process by modifying the olefin oligomerization step that after hydrogenation provides the increased quantities of cycloparaffins for jet fuel. A two stage oligomerization process is employed in which an acidic catalyst such as a zeolite is in one reactor and a metal, such as nickel, on alumina catalyst is in a second reactor. The two stages may be in either order in the process. A small amount of aromatic compounds may be added to the feed to achieve the desired level of cycloparaffins in the product. Adjustments to other aspects of the process may also help to provide a product with higher cycloparaffin content.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a bio-oil stream is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a bio-oil stream with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in a reactor to produce an upgraded bio-oil stream. The upgraded bio-oil stream is charged to an FCC unit, a hydroprocessing unit, or a reforming unit to produce an intermediate blend or a fuel stream. A fuel oil stream can be taken from the upgraded bio-oil stream. The catalyst may be separated and recycled to the reactor. The upgraded bio-oil stream can be used directly to produce an intermediate blend or fuel. A fuel oil stream may be taken from the upgraded bio-oil stream.

Abstract: A process for oligomerizing olefins to distillate fuels which oligomerizes a recycle olefin stream with a charge olefin stream in a first-stage oligomerization reactor. The first-stage oligomerate is oligomerized in a second-stage oligomerzation reactor to provide a second-stage oligomerate stream. The second-stage oligomer stream is hydrogenated to produce fuels. A stripping column is used to prepare the hydrogenated fuel streams for fractionation.

Abstract: A process and apparatus integrate recovery of propylene from a pyrolysis reactor and a paraffin dehydrogenation reactor. A common C3 splitter column fractionates propylene product from propane recycle to a paraffin dehydrogenation reactor. The C3 hydrocarbons may be provided from a pyrolysis reactor and from a dehydrogenation reactor.

Abstract: A process for preparing an olefin stream for oligomerization comprises fractionating an olefin stream to provide an ethylene stream and a olefin rich stream. Acetylenes in the ethylene stream are converted to ethylene in the presence of hydrogen to provide a concentrated ethylene stream that can be oligomerized.

Abstract: A process for removing contaminants from coal-derived phenols is described. The process combines an extraction process with at least two adsorption zones containing adsorbents. Liquid-liquid and acid base extraction processes can be used. The adsorbents can be clays and/or zeolites. The process can be used to reduce organonitrogen compounds and organosulfur compounds to levels below 10 ppmw and to generate a colorless product.

Abstract: High efficiency CCM post-treatment methods are described. A multilayer CCM mesh cage has multiple shelves. Each CCM is placed in between one or two pieces of mesh and loaded into the multilayer CCM mesh cage, which is made of mesh so that the acid or base can contact the CCMs. Multiple CCM cages can be soaked in an acid tank at the same time. A circulation pump can be included in the acid or base tank to circulate the acid or base during the CCM post-treatment. Large batch of CCMs can be treated simultaneously.

Abstract: A process for dehydration of an ethanol feed stream comprising sending said ethanol feed stream and steam to a radial flow reactor to contact a catalyst under reaction conditions and produce an effluent comprising ethylene. The use of a radial flow reactor eliminates concerns about pressure drops that may occur with conventional fixed bed downflow reactors.

Abstract: A process for preparing an olefin stream for oligomerization comprises fractionating an olefin stream to provide a light gas stream and a olefin rich stream. The olefin rich stream is selectively hydrogenated to convert diolefins to mono-olefins and provide a mono-olefin stream and oligomerizing the mono-olefin stream over an oligomerization catalyst to provide an oligomerized stream.

Abstract: A process for dimerizing and oligomerizing olefins to distillate fuels which subjects oligomerized product to hydrocracking and hydroisomerization in a single reactor to convert heavier oligomers to jet fuel range oligomers. A jet fuel product stream may be taken from a side of a stripping column which produces a heavy drag stream from a bottom of the stripping column to ensure an end point boiling specification is achieved.

Abstract: Composite proton exchange membranes are described. The composite proton-exchange membranes comprise three layers including a proton exchange membrane layer, a continuous nonporous organic-inorganic composite coating layer, and a continuous nonporous cross-linked polyelectrolyte multilayer coating. Catalyst coated membranes incorporating the composite proton exchange membranes and methods of making the composite proton exchange membranes are also described.