Abstract: A membraneless battery comprising a cathode comprising a cathode electroactive material; an anode comprising an anode electroactive material; a catholyte in contact with the cathode, wherein the catholyte is not in contact with the anode; an anolyte in contact with the anode, wherein the anolyte is not in contact with the cathode; and one or more buffer interlayers disposed between the anolyte and the catholyte. The catholyte has a pH of less than 4, and the anolyte has a pH of greater than 10. The one or more buffer interlayers regulate a pH in the battery. The anode electroactive material comprises a Zn electroactive material. At least one of the one or more buffer interlayers comprises a weak acid and its conjugate base; and/or at least one of the one or more buffer interlayers comprises a weak base and its conjugate acid.

Abstract: A secondary zinc-manganese dioxide secondary cell is disclosed. The cell includes a zinc gel anode, high manganese content cathode in either prismatic or jelly roll form. An aqueous based continuous reel to reel process for formulation and fabrication of the anode and cathode is provided. The cell is contained in a box assembly.

Abstract: A secondary zinc-manganese dioxide secondary cell is disclosed. The cell includes a zinc gel anode, high manganese content cathode in either prismatic or jelly roll form. An aqueous based continuous reel to reel process for formulation and fabrication of the anode and cathode is provided. The cell is contained in a box assembly.