Abstract: A grantor issues a trustable electronic document for the benefit of a requester. The requestor may be able to get the benefits specified by the electronic document through access controls located at the service or information origin. A request digitally signed by a requestor is received. The digitally signed request contains the electronic document digitally signed by the grantor. The electronic document also contains a grantor certified reference, a requester certified reference, and access control rules for the requester. The request is validated using the requestor certified reference and the access control rules for the requestor.

Abstract: A communication gateway for communicating presence information between a connectionless packet-switched signaling network and an Internet Protocol (IP) network includes a message bearer configured to receive and send messages over a connectionless packet-switched signaling network and a translator, in communication with the message bearer, operable to translate messages received from the connectionless packet-switched signaling network into messages suitable for transport over an IP network and operable to translate messages received from the IP network into messages suitable for transport over the connectionless packet-switched signaling network.