Abstract: According to one aspect, the invention relates to a method for producing a watermark element (10) for forming a shadow watermark image in a substrate by means of dewatering of a fibrous suspension, wherein the watermark element (10) comprises a body with a relief side (12) having a relief (14) and a dewatering side (16) positioned opposite the relief side, perforations (18) being provided at least in the relief (14), a perforation (18) comprising a channel (20) with a channel inlet (21) at the relief side (12) and a channel outlet (22) at the dewatering side (16), which method includes the steps of forming perforations in a body in a mechanical manner and introducing a relief in the intended relief side, the perforations (18) being formed in such a way that the dewatering capacity, expressed as the open surface area of the channel inlet(s) per unit of surface area of the relief, is dependent on the height (h) of the channel inlet (21) with respect to the dewatering side (16), it being the case that the higher

Abstract: An authentication system for authenticating security documents contains at least an enzyme and a substrate and any co-enzymes and/or co-factors needed, capable of an enzymatic conversion. This conversion leads to a detectable change. The security-document contains at least one of the enzyme and the substrate. According to the invention the genetic information for the enzyme is derived from an extremophilic micro-organism. A security document for use in the authentication system and method is also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a substrate which is made from paper and is provided with at least one integrated circuit which is produced from a semiconductive organic polymer. A semiconductive organic polymer of this nature, when used as the base material for the integrated circuit, leads to the possibility of directly producing the substrate in the required thickness, to the need for support layers and/or protective layers being eliminated, and to the possibility of reducing the cost price of the substrate compared to substrates which comprise an integrated circuit of the silicon type.

Abstract: In a security facility according to the invention for use as security in paper substrates, such as security and value documents, value and banknote paper and the like, said security facility comprising a non-conducting plastic support, on which at least two conducting areas spaced apart are provided, the at least two conducting areas spaced apart are electrically interconnected by at least one diode connection with a predefined conducting direction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a substrate which is made from paper and is provided with at least one integrated circuit which is produced from a semiconductive organic polymer. A semiconductive organic polymer of this nature, when used as the base material for the integrated circuit, leads to the possibility of directly producing the substrate in the required thickness, to the need for support layers and/or protective layers being eliminated, and to the possibility of reducing the cost price of the substrate compared to substrates which comprise an integrated circuit of the silicon type.