Abstract: A working machine (1) includes a frame (3), a body section (2) mounted to the frame (3) for pivotal movement about a vertical axis, a boom unit (7) having a plurality of booms, including a basal boom (7a), telescopically extendable from and retractable to one another. A support arm (14) is mounted to the body section (2) for pivotal movement about a horizontal axis. An end of the support arm (14) is coupled with the basal boom (7a). The basal boom (7a) is pivotable relative to the support arm (14) about a horizontal axis. A first hydraulically operable device extends from the body section (2) to the basal boom (7a) for pivoting the basal boom (7a) relative to the support arm (14) about the horizontal axis.

Abstract: Relative MTF scores for an eye are determined by obtaining at least one wave aberration of an eye, calculating at least one modulation transfer function from the wave aberration of the tested eye, specifying image quality of the eye using a relative MTF score system derived from the calculated modulation transfer function of the tested eye and a set of modulation transfer functions from a cohort of eyes with normal visual acuity. Methods for comparing image quality of different eyes under equal conditions and at different pupil sizes include comparing MTF of different eyes for best MTF in all pupil sizes and MTF of different eyes for night vision at a large pupil size that is different from eye to eye.

Abstract: A multitask vision architecture is constructed based on multitask vision-metrics derived from wave aberration of the eye. The multitask vision metrics include at least one of the followings: vision clarity of eye that measures optical quality of an eye against those in a cohort of eyes with normal acuity, aberration-induced vision symptoms, retinal image quality for best vision and night vision, and retinal image quality for a range of focus depth. The multitask vision architectures is applied for determining a wavefront shape for an optimized vision correction, for specifying excessive aberrations in an eye, and for specifying quality of a vision product.

Abstract: Disclosed is an energy-conserving device for an illumination system. The energy-conserving device is connected between a power supply of and a lighting assembly of the illumination system. The energy-conserving assembly provides a first switch, a ballast, and a compensating capacitor. The ballast is connected between the power supply and the lighting assembly, and connected between the first terminal and the second terminal of the first switch. The compensating capacitor is connected between the power supply and a third terminal of the switch. The energy-conserving device may further include a resistor and a second switch which are connected in parallel with the ballast. The energy-conserving device can be coupled to a conventional illumination system and is of energy-conserving, a low cost and a long lifetime.

Abstract: Disclosed is an energy-conserving device for an illumination system. The energy-conserving device is connected between a power supply of and a lighting assembly of the illumination system. The energy-conserving assembly provides a first switch, a ballast, and a compensating capacitor. The ballast is connected between the power supply and the lighting assembly, and connected between the first terminal and the second terminal of the first switch. The compensating capacitor is connected between the power supply and a third terminal of the switch. The energy-conserving device may further include a resistor and a second switch which are connected in parallel with the ballast. The energy-conserving device can be coupled to a conventional illumination system and is of energy-conserving, a low cost and a long lifetime.

Abstract: A wavefront sensing system for measuring wave aberration of an eye comprises an illumination light source configured to produce a compact light source at the retina of the eye, a small opaque stop configured to block corneal reflection of the illumination light, a wavefront sensor configured to measure the outgoing wavefront originated from the compact light source at the retina. Measuring wave aberration of an eye can be improved by using a Hartmann-Shack sensor with a fixed, localized mark on the lenslet array for unique identification of each focus spot of the sensor to its corresponding lenslet, and by including a refractive correction module and a wavefront fusing algorithms for the determination of wave aberration of an at its far accommodation point. In an additional aspect, a wavefront sensing system is designed to provide more comprehensive diagnosis of refractive corrections by measuring light scattering in the eye as well as wavefront data of lenses used for refractive corrections.

Abstract: A multitask vision architecture is constructed based on multitask vision-metrics derived from wave aberration of the eye. The multitask vision metrics include at least one of the followings: vision clarity of eye that measures optical quality of an eye against those in a cohort of eyes with normal acuity, aberration-induced vision symptoms, retinal image quality for best vision and night vision, and retinal image quality for a range of focus depth. The multitask vision architectures is applied for determining a wavefront shape for an optimized vision correction, for specifying excessive aberrations in an eye, and for specifying quality of a vision product.

Abstract: Accommodation-Free Wavefront, wave aberration of an eye at the far accommodation points, is determined using a wavefront fusion algorithm by obtaining a wave aberration of an eye from a wavefront measurement, obtaining a manifest refraction of an eye at a far accommodation point according to a conventional subjective refraction, and determining a wave aberration of the eye at its far accommodation point based on a combination of the manifest refraction and the measured wave aberration of the same eye. Wave aberration of an eye at the far accommodation points enable accommodation-free wavefront-guided vision corrections as well as comprehensive vision diagnosis of human vision based on a true-vision wavefront. True-Vision wavefront is determined from the accommodation-free wavefront with removal of a refractive prescription of a correction lens if the lens is used for a sphero-cylindrical correction.

Abstract: Relative MTF scores for an eye are determined by obtaining at least one wave aberration of an eye, calculating at least one modulation transfer function from the wave aberration of the tested eye, specifying image quality of the eye using a relative MTF score system derived from the calculated modulation transfer function of the tested eye and a set of modulation transfer functions from a cohort of eyes with normal visual acuity. Methods for comparing image quality of different eyes under equal conditions and at different pupil sizes include comparing MTF of different eyes for best MTF in all pupil sizes and MTF of different eyes for night vision at a large pupil size that is different from eye to eye.

Abstract: The invention provides an optical instrument including means (1, 2) to produce an optical image to be viewed by an observer including a diffractive element (7) located at an intermediate focal or image plane (4) of the optical instrument and comprising a pattern of a plurality of areas effective to cause diffraction interference in light passing through the optical instrument and thereby produce an expanded exit pupil (6) comprising a combination of a multiplicity of exit pupils displaced relative to one another transverse to an optical axis (3) of said instrument.

Abstract: Aberration-induced vision symptoms are determined by obtaining at least one wave aberration of an eye, calculating at least one point-spread function from the wave aberration, convolving the point-spread function of eye with at least one specially designed image for night vision diagnosis, and determining at least one aberration-induced vision symptom of the tested eye from the convolved images. The specially designed images are for vision diagnosis of aberration-induced glare, halo, ghost image, and starburst. The invention methods for specifying aberration-induced symptoms allow to find an optimized refractive corrections of defocus and astigmatism and to reduce vision symptoms caused by aberrations in the eye.

Abstract: Optical magnifying apparatus comprises an objective lens (11) from which light is directed to a beam splitting mirror (12). A portion of the light passes through the beam splitting mirror to a first concave mirror (13) and is reflected back via the beam splitting mirror through a viewing lens (5) to a first eye (16) of an observer. The remainder of the light is reflected by the beam splitting mirror to a second concave mirror (17) from which it is reflected back via the beam splitting mirror through the viewing lens to a second eye (19) of the observer. Focussed first and second images (14, 18) of an object (10) are produced respectively on the surfaces of the first and second concave mirrors. The optical axes of the concave mirrors are relatively offset such that the relayed pupils of the mirrors are separated horizontally by a distance approximately equal to the average interpupillary spacing of an observer.

Abstract: A simulated baseball game apparatus having an upwardly facing playing surface with a home plate thereon, a pitching mechanism that rolls the ball in the general direction of home plate and a batting mechanism. A rotatable circular plate in front of the pitching mechanism enables the direction of the rolling ball to be changed. The device for rolling the ball can be pivoted about a vertical axis in order that the player can control the initial direction of the rolling ball. The bat member has an elongate portion extending generally parallel to the playing surface and a ball striking extension that extends downwardly. The bat member can be swung about an internally movable generally vertical axis extending through one end of the elongate portion.

Abstract: An architectural glass unit comprises a glass light having an inner surface and a flexible structural gasket extending along edges of the glass light and located adjacent the inner surface. A thin adhesive layer bonds the glass light firmly to the structural gasket. A supporting frame extends along the same edges of the glass light and is located on the side of the gasket opposite the glass light. This frame includes means for mechanically fastening the structural gasket to the frame. In one embodiment, a bonding material such as structural silicone directly bonds the glass light to the supporting frame and is arranged along one side of the gasket. L-shaped flanges integrally formed on the frame and rolled into sealing engagement with the gasket are used for the mechanical fastening.

Abstract: A composite optical component for use in an improved optical system, for example, of the type in U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,109 includes opposed discs having surfaces in contact. The surfaces in contact are grooved with parallel grooves providing an undulating surface every portion of which is arcuate and capable of magnifying an image at a focal plane approximately between the grooved surfaces of the discs. The grooves are arranged transverse to one another, and preferably at 90.degree., and the component is rotated about an axis normal to the focal point.

Abstract: The invention provides an optical device for use in microscopes and screen projectors comprising a screen formed with multiple lenticular surfaces mechanically traversed at a speed above persistence of vision in the light path between an object and an observation plane, the lenticular surfaces increasing the angle of light ray pencil egress from their angle of incidence to an extent rendering the use of eyepieces unnecessary.

Abstract: The invention provides an optical device for use in microscopes and screen projectors comprising a screen formed with multiple lenticular surfaces mechanically traversed at a speed above persistence of vision in the light path between an object and an observation plane, the lenticular surfaces increasing the angle of light ray pencil egress from their angle of incidence to an extent rendering the use of eyepieces unnecessary.