Abstract: An apparatus to remove ions including a plurality of capacitive electrode stacks. Each capacitive electrode stack may have: a plurality of first electrodes including a plurality of first current collectors; a plurality of second electrodes including a plurality of second current collectors; and a spacer between the first and second electrodes to allow water to flow in between the electrodes. The second current collectors of a first of the plurality of capacitive electrode stacks may be connected to the first current collectors of a second of the plurality of capacitive electrode stacks.

Abstract: A method to prepare a coated current collector electrode of a flow through capacitor. The method includes preparing a coating paste includes: 10-50 weight % of carbon having a specific surface area of at least 500 m2/g; 0.3-5 weight % of a binder; 10-50 weight % based on the total paste of a first solvent having a first boiling point; and 10-50 weight % based on the total paste of a second solvent having a second boiling point. The method further includes applying the coating paste on a current collector; and allowing the second solvent in the coating paste applied on the current collector to evaporate at a temperature lower than the first boiling point.

Abstract: Improved flow through capacitors (FTC) and methods for purifying aqueous solutions are disclosed. For example, FTC electrodes that are activated with a poly-electrolyte are disclosed.

Abstract: Improved flow through capacitors (FTC) and methods for purifying aqueous solutions are disclosed. For example, FTC electrodes that are activated with a poly-electrolyte are disclosed.