Abstract: An apparatus selectively moving hydrogen ions in aqueous solution. Liquid water can form subcrystalline structure in a range of 5-20 molecules. The hydrogen ion can be among water molecules. Because the hydrogen ion acts as a hole in semiconductor and jumps forward in aqueous solutions, the hydrogen ion can be moved by a minimum electric field.
Abstract: A method of detecting the charged particles in an aqueous solution, including immersing one of two electrodes in the aqueous solution to provide a conductive path between the aqueous solution and the other electrode; applying a stepping potential through the electrodes to measure an impulse current through the aqueous solution; and comparing the measured impulse current with an impulse current of a reference solution having known ingredients to determine if the two solutions are similar.
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