Abstract: A low-wattage metal-halide discharge lamp has a tube of the double ended type that forms a bulb or envelope, a pair of electrodes, e.g., an anode and a cathode, which penetrate into an arc chamber inside the envelope, and a suitable amount of mercury plus one or more metal halide salts. The electrodes are each formed of a refractory metal, i.e., tungsten wire, extending through the respective necks into the arc chamber. Heat transfer along the tube wall and through the necks is controlled by designing the bulb wall so that the cross sectional areas at the necks and at quarter-chamber planes halfway between the necks and a midplane have a respective quarter chamber loading factor and a neck loading factor each within a desired range. Lamps of this design achieve high efficacy at relatively low power, i.e., below 40 watts.

Abstract: A compact self-contained fail-safe motorized mirror assembly is provided for selective attachment to the end of a borescope insertion tube, attachment is through three self-locking standoff pins threaded on each end for engagement in the mirror assembly housing and the head connector of the insertion tube. One end of each pin and its socket is right-hand threaded and the other is left-hand threaded. A simplified bayonet style battery housing and motor "on/off" switch are provided at the other end of the housing to complete the assembly so that actuation of the motor can only be accomplished by deliberate rotation of the battery housing end and it cannot be accidentally disengaged except by a compound reverse motion of the end cap.

Abstract: A low-wattage metal-halide discharge lamp has a quartz tube of the double-ended type that forms a bulb or envelope, a pair of electrodes, e.g., an anode and a cathode, which penetrate into an arc chamber inside the envelope, and a suitable amount of mercury plus one or more metal halide salts. The electrodes are each formed of a refractory metal, i.e., tungsten wire, extending through the respective necks into the arc chamber. Heat dissipation through the neck is controlled by constructing the quartz shanks to that they have shank segments of a desired surface area that extend from the necks a distance equal to the length of the arc chamber. A shank segment loading factor defined as the rated power divided by the shank segment surface areas, and should be in a target range of 12 to 36 w cm.sup.-2. Lamps of this design achieve high efficacy at relatively low power, i.e., below 30 watts.

Abstract: A hydraulic or pneumatically actuated muscle has an elongated elastomeric tubular bladder covered by a tubular braid. The bladder has a fold or invagination along its length. The process for forming this bladder can employ a fixture in the form of a threaded rod. A tubular elastomer is wrapped into the v-shaped thread on the rod. Then the wrapped rod is subjected to heat to set a fold into the tubing. The invaginate bladder can be subjected to a second, mild heat treatment to reduce curling.

Abstract: A low-wattage metal-halide discharge lamp has a tube of the double ended type that forms a bulb or envelope, a pair of electrodes, e.g., an anode and a cathode, which penetrate into an arc chamber inside the envelope, and a suitable amount of mercury plus one or more metal halide salts. The electrodes are each formed of a refractory metal, i.e., tungsten wire, extending through the respective necks into the arc chamber. The electrodes are of a composite design i.e., in the form of a club, with a lead-in wire of small diameter supported in the associated neck, and a post member of greater diameter supported on the lead-end wire. The post members are supported of contact with the necks and also out of contact with the bulb wall. The larger size of the post member allows heat at the tip to diffuse back into the post member, so that the metal tip will not evaporate. The narrow lead-in wire keeps most of the heat in the bulb, so that flow of heat out of the neck portions is limited.

Abstract: An electronic video measurement system for measuring three dimensional parameters of objects viewed by a two dimensional video image pickup. A borescope is provided in which the measurements are corrected for calibration, distortion, lens magnification, and system architecture. Programs and algorithms are provided for calculating various parameters of an object being viewed, including slant lengths and depths without the need for a scale positioned next to the object being measured.

Abstract: A flexible borescope for penetrating a passage into an inaccessible area of a jet engine or other device to be visually inspected has an imaging system disposed at its distal tip, and conducts the image to a viewing device coupled to a proximal end of the insertion tube. A hooking cap can be controllably latched onto and removed from a projection in the inaccessible area, for example, the trailing edge of one of the blades of a turbine rotor. The hooking cap has a circumferential sleeve portion that overfits the borescope tip and wing portions that project tangentially outward from the sleeve so their wing tips substantially meet. The wing tips hook over the projection. The hooking cap is formed unitarily of aluminum sheet, with tabs that engage respective shoulders formed in the borescope tip for positioning the cap rotationally and axially.

Abstract: A card or badge reader is provided for reading badges or cards on which there are coded indicia such as a bar code symbol. The reader has a front wall plate that is removably affixed onto the front of the main housing, but separated a slight amount to define a badge reader slot. A wear plate is disposed horizontally between the front wall plate and the front wall of the main housing to define a floor for the badge reader slot. The wear plate comprises an elongated web with downturned end flanges, and is suspended in one of a plurality of parallel horizontal grooves in the front wall plate. The position of the wear plate can be changed from one of these grooves to another, as desired.

Abstract: Two or three fiber optic cables, each adapted for a particular purpose is provided in the insertion tube of an endoscope/borescope for illuminating an object to be viewed. The proximal end of the insertion tube is positioned adjacent a source of light. A device is provided for rotating the proximal end of the insertion tube to position one or more of the fiber optic bundles in optical alignment with the source of light to illuminate the object to be viewed with the desired light. Alternatively, an individual bundle can be illuminated by insertion in a proper receptacle in an interconnecting module positioned in optical alignment with a light source.

Abstract: Apparatus and a method for combining radiant energy of substantially distinct spectral bands to produce a light source having predetermined color temperature or chromaticity characteristics. The apparatus comprises a generating source that generates emissions of radiant energy from at least two spatial emission regions. Each of the spatial emission regions emits radiant energy in a substantially distinct spectral band. The apparatus further comprises an optical directing system that directs a substantial portion of the radiant energy emitted from the emission regions. The optical directing system includes a positioning region that contains a near focus and a combining region that contains a far focus.

Abstract: A flexible borescope for penetrating a passage into an inaccessible area of a jet engine or other device to be visually inspected has an imaging system disposed at its distal tip and conducts the image to a viewing device coupled to a proximal end of the insertion tube. A hooking cap removably attached onto the distal tip of the insertion tube can be controllably latched onto and removed from a projection in the inaccessible area, for example, onto the trailing edge of one of the blades of the rotor. The hooking cap has a circumferential sleeve that overfits the tip and a flange that projects radially outward from the sleeve sufficiently to hook over the projection. The insertion tube carries at least one longitudinal stripe over its operational length to indicate the bending plane of the borescope bendable steering section, so that the operator can judge the orientation of the bending section when the borescope is being inserted into the jet engine or other inaccessible area.

Abstract: An elastomeric distance gage is formed of a ring of elastomeric film to which is joined a vee-shaped ear of elastomeric film. The ring of this gage fits removably onto a video head or other imager at the distal tip of a borescope. The legs of the nose portion converge to a distal tip which is within the viewing field of the borescope imager. To determine the size of an object, the gage is brought into contact with the object. The gage nose will deflect and this is visible in the viewing screen of the borescope. The object can be measured by comparison to a known width of the flat apex of the gage. Also, at this contact point, the object is a predetermined known distance from the borescope tip, and the size of the object can be determined by counting the number of pixels in the displayed image from one edge of the object to an opposite edge.

Abstract: An optical reader is designed to be insensitive to specular reflection, particularly at tapered lead-in areas to the left and right of a coded record on a record member. The optical reader includes a photosensor that is oriented with its optical axis along the reader optical center line so as to be situated substantially perpendicular to the record member passing through a reader slot. There are upper and lower LEDs only, which are disposed respectively on opposite sides of the optical center line in a vertical plane. That is, the LEDs lie in a plane perpendicular to the path of a record member being swiped through the slot. In this way, no specular reflection at the lead-in areas will fall onto the photosensor. In addition, the effect of specular reflection occurring at areas of the record member in a plane perpendicular to its path of travel is reduced by a factor of two over an optical reader using a single LED.

Abstract: A hydraulically or pneumatically actuated muscle has an elongated elastomeric bladder that is covered by a tubular sheath. A fluid conduit is coupled to the bladder to supply hydraulic or pneumatic pressure. A coil tension spring is attached to a distal terminator of the muscle and extends to the distal end of a compression tube covering the bladder and braid. The evacuation spring draws the braid and bladder towards their fully extended state when fluid pressure is relieved and ellshaped retaining pin in the muscle terminator has one end that extends radially outward to lodge between turns of the evacuation spring. Split shoulder washers secure the proximal and distal ends of the compression tube.

Abstract: A hydraulic or pneumatically actuated muscle has an elongated elastomeric tubular bladder covered by a tubular braid. A fluid conduit supplies hydraulic or pneumatic pressure to the bladder to expand it and thereby shorten the braid. When pressure is relieved, the braid is permitted to elongate, and the bladder constricts radially. To ensure that the bladder has its cross section at a minimum when elongated, the bladder has a fold or invagination along its length. The process for forming this bladder can employ a fixture in the form of a threaded rod.

Abstract: A hydraulically or pneumatically actuated fluid-dynamic motor has an elongated elastomeric bladder, a braid disposed over the bladder, and a flexible but substantially incompressible spine disposed between the braid and the bladder. The muscle or motor is configured in a helix with the spine arranged on the inside of the helix. Application of fluid under pressure to the bladder causes one end of the helical motor to untwist or rotate relative to the other end. Upon deflation of the bladder, the spine causes the bladder to deflate and rotate the other end in the opposite direction. This fluid dynamic motor provides an azimuthal motion that can be employed for the steering section of an elongated flexible probe, such as a borescope or endoscope.

Abstract: A tubular, fluid-controlled bending neck is provided for an elongated flexible probe, such as a video borescope. An elongated tubular elastomeric bladder is fitted to a proximal connector that fits onto a distal end of the probe insertion tube, and a distal fitting seals the distal end of the bladder. A tubular braid is disposed over the bladder to confine the same and is mechanically attached to the distal fitting and to the proximal connector. The connector provides communication of fluid presure from a controlled fluid pressure source to be interior of the bladder. An elastically bendable, by axially substantially incompressible spine is disposed at the interface between the bladder and the braid. This spine is preferably set or biased to be curved into one bending direction. As fluid pressure is applied to the bladder, the bladder inflates laterally. This shortens the braid on the side away from the spine, thereby bending the neck in the opposite direction.

Abstract: This invention comprises four hydraulic muscle pumps connected to four hydraulic dynamic muscles in hermetically sealed pairs to transfer tensive forces from a local to a remote location for use in actuating the articulation section of a borescope or endoscope.

Abstract: A terminator for a hydraulic or pneumatic muscle seals the end of the internal elastomeric bladder and provides direct transfer of force between the external braid and a mechanical device to which the terminator is connected. The terminator is provided with an annular land or step at the end that is inserted into the corresponding end of the muscle, a first valley or recess after the first annular land, a second annular land or step adjacent the first recess, a second annular valley or recess adjacent the second land and axially separated from the first recess, and an anchor or attachment portion beyond the second valley or recess which provides a point of attachment for the end of a cable or for a tubular sheath or the like. The bladder is attached to the first recess to form a fluid-tight seal, and the end of the braid continues over this and over the second land, and is attached to the second valley or recess. The attachments can be made using coils or wraps of fishline or equivalent.