Abstract: The surveying instrument contains a component part (1) for the optical imaging of a target and a camera (2) for the electronic acquisition of the image produced in the optical instrument part. A reference mark (20) is located in the optical part (1) of the instrument, and this is outside that region of this instrument part through which the optical axis passes. The image of the target is projected into the region located within the reference mark. Connected to the camera is a circuit arrangement which can detect both the effective center of the image of the reference mark and the effective center of the image of the target and which can determine not only the length, but also the direction of the distance between the two effective centers. The surveying of an object or a region can be carried out automatically by means of this instrument.

Abstract: A stylus is briefly placed on the surface coating of photographs for forming an artificial marking symbol on the coating. The stylus oscillates in the ultrasonic frequency range. Part of the oscillation energy of the stylus is converted into frictional heat producing a marking symbol in the coating in the form of a high contrast annular bead. The apparatus comprises a stylus, a mechanical lowering device, an electroacoustic transducer for producing the ultrasonic oscillations of the stylus, and a frequency generator, an amplifier and a voltage/current converter connected in series with the electroacoustic transducer. The transducer is supplied with a signal from the frequency generator, which signal is kept constant by a control circuit provided on the generator.

Abstract: A microscope includes a stand with an upright. A generally L-shaped motion box is movable along the upright. A vertical portion of the motion box surrounds the upright, while its horizontal section provides a support for the microscope optical system. An objective is fixed to the bottom of the support. The top of the support includes a guide for an optical support carrying a binocular tube. The optical support and the binocular tube of the microscope are displaceable or movable relative to the fixed objective. With this microscope, the same point on an object can be observed with the same image quality, despite whether the object point is observed in a stereoscopic, monocular or binocular manner.

Abstract: The measuring device is used for determining a relative position between a first item and a second item or the image thereof. The items are displaceable or rotatable relative to one another. The first item has a code carrier, which is arranged along a path. The code carrier is provided with a code pattern at right angles to the path. The second item has a code reader oriented on the code carrier path. A computer is connected downstream of the code reader and has means for quantifying the signal supplied by the code reader and for comparing with a stored code image of the code carrier, as well as for calculating the relative position from the comparison result. This measure permits automatic reading of the position, accompanied by a very high measuring accuracy. The measured result can be digitally displayed and, if required, can be directly stored on a data carrier and/or can be further processed in a computer.

Abstract: A microscope includes a generally L-shaped motion box and an optical support located on a horizontal leg of the motion box. A binocular tube is fixed to the optical support. An objective changer is guided in the horizontal leg of the motion box and supports a first objective for stereoscopic observation and a second objective. The second objective is the objective of a conventional microscope. A beam splitter connected directly downstream of the second objective distributes the incident light into the two observation channels of the microscope. With this stereomicroscope, a single manipulation switches from normal stereoscopic observation to binocular observation with much greater magnification.

Abstract: In an apparatus for the digital measurement of an angle means are provided for a course and a fine measurement. For the course measurement, full intervals of a generated periodical signal are counted, and for the fine measurement, a reference mark is provided within the periodical signals. For this purpose, legs of the angle to be measured are defined by two parts e.g. a stator and a rotor which are rotatably mounted with respect to one another about a common axis or shaft. A disk rotating at a constant angular velocity about the same axis, with constant angular velocity supports a circular graduation made up of equidistant radial lines or sectors and gaps. Lines and gaps are sensed by appropriate sensor or pick-up elements. The above said reference mark is realized by disturbing the line width. One edge of all the scale divisions still represents an undisturbed equidistant division extending over the entire disk circle and which is used for course phase measurement.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the time delay between pulse signals, particularly in conjunction with electro-optical range finders. A coarse measurement counter counts the output of a reference oscillator, while a fine measurement interpolator determines the residual time at the start and finish of a measuring interval. Both residual times are successively determined by the same fine measurement interpolator. A delay circuit only supplies the pulse transmitter with the trigger signal when the interpolation for the start signal in the interpolator is ended. An adjustable series of test pulses is produces by a clock generator, in order to form the average value from such a series of measurements in a logic circuit. Preferably, the clock generator is synchronized with the reference oscillator, which ensures the formation of a mean value with a narrow range of errors.

Abstract: In a method for the mathematical, digital measurement of the phase difference of two periodic or cyclic signals U and V of the same frequency by averaging from n elementary measurements Mi, a timing signal of a much higher frequency and asynchronous with signals U and V is counted between directly succeeding zero pasages of signals U and V in the same direction. An elementary calibration Ci is performed in each cycle of U, in which an elementary measurement Mi is performed by counting the timing signals during the complete cycle of U. An overall phase difference is determined, in that the mean value of all the elementary measurements Mi is divided by a mean value of all elementary calibrations Ci and is multiplied by the cycle.