Abstract: In order to be able to improve the level or the dynamic ratio and the signal-to-noise ratio of a magnetic storage medium for analog signal recording, with the distortion factor remaining the same, certain rules are formulated for the quality of the magnetic particles in the storage medium. According to these rules the particles shall be of at least two kinds, all particles of one kind having the same structure. Furthermore, the distribution curve (9) which specifies how many particles possess a certain coercive field strength shall be broadened in the range (20) of the most frequent coercive field strength (H.sub.c9), as compared to a Gaussian distribution.

Abstract: A simple technique permits improving the distortion of a loudspeaker with a magnetic system. The magnetic system incorporates measures for operation thereof within the saturated region of the magnetic characteristic of the magnetic system. These measures comprise a division of the magnetic circuit into a section with magnetic saturation, and sections without magnetic saturation, which are adjacent to an air gap.

Abstract: The method and apparatus permits processing, for example, editing or synchronizing data sequences without using special marking devices and marking tracks for identifying preselected locations. For this purpose, a preselected partial data sequence is formed from a predetermined data sequence and serves as a reference partial data sequence. Such reference partial data sequence is utilized as a basis for comparison with further partial data sequences originating from the same or different data sequences for retrieving or identifying operations in connection with, for example, the joining, inserting or synchronizing of data sequences.

Abstract: In order to adaptively determine the original pulse widths of individual pulses of the pulse signal, there are measured the pulse widths of the distorted pulses. A predetermined number of threshold values is preset for such measured pulse widths. The preset threshold values define classes of pulse widths intended to contain pulse widths of pulses which originally had the same pulse widths. The matching between the measured pulse widths and the preset threshold values is improved by means of a statistical evaluation of the measured pulse widths. The apparatus for carrying out the aforementioned method comprises a unit or circuit for measuring the pulse widths of the individual pulses, a unit or circuit for statistically evaluating the measured pulse widths and a unit or circuit for processing the measured pulse widths.

Abstract: In order to record audio signals on a magnetic record carrier, there is produced a high frequency pulsed signal which contains the low frequency information pertinent to the audio signal. This high frequency pulsed signal is produced in a manner such as to be substantially free of any signal component which has a frequency lying in the frequency range of the low frequency audio signal. As a result, cross-talk produced during recording on a plurality of tracks can be substantially reduced.

Abstract: In order to reduce the current supply and thus the heating up of relevant components during the processing of binary signals of any desired pulse duration or width, the pulses forming the binary or first signal are converted into a pulsed or second signal which forms a pulse sequence or train consisting of short pulses having different polarities. The individual pulses of the binary signal are converted to short pulses having a first spacing in the pulsed or second signal. The transitions between the pulses of the binary or first signal are converted to pulses having any desired shortened second spacing as compared to the first spacing.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for converting an input scanning sequence into an output scanning sequence, where scan values of an input scanning sequence occurring with an input scanning frequency are converted into an output scanning sequence whose scan values occur with an output scanning frequency. To process scanning sequences with alternating scanning frequencies with limited computing and storage capacities, a single one-stage digital filter is provided for processing the input scanning sequence using a limited number of filter coefficients, further filter coefficients supplied thereto by calculation from existing filter coefficients.

Abstract: To compensate for transmission errors of a non-ideal system for transmitting digital signals, first signal deviations are determined and stored, and then there is a direct processing of the input signals into output signals by combining the input signals with the stored signal deviations. The invention includes both method and apparatus and provides a substantial reduction in equipment costs.

Abstract: An inexpensive and reliable regulating apparatus contains between a regulating unit and an electric motor series-connected therewith a feedback path for a single tachometer signal and including a band-pass filter. The band-pass filter determines the operating range of the electric motor. The regulating unit is constructed such that during operation the electric motor is supplied with power only when a signal from the feedback path arrives at the regulating unit. Under the action of external disturbances the supply of power is interrupted at least for a predetermined duration of time.

Abstract: Using the inventive method and apparatus, two scanning sequences can be synchronized with small signal delays and at the smallest possible apparatus expense. The time differences between associated scanning values or signals of the two scanning sequences are compensated by alternatingly delaying relative to each other the scanned values or signals and interpolating between the scanned values or signals of one of the two scanning sequences. The apparatus for carrying out the synchronizing operation comprises a storage for producing the delays and a filtering device for performing the interpolation.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for recording and reproducing coded digital signals typically assign values of a signal to 2 categories which are separately coded, delayed differently, and subsequently recorded. In order to reduce the loss of such values in the cases of damage to the recording to the greatest possible extent, the values of the signals are coded at least twice in parallel and recorded onto several tracks. In one of the recordings, the sequence of values is modified in such a way that even major damage to the recording can be accommodated without producing non-correctable errors.

Abstract: In order to equalize different delays between the digital signals of two or more digital signal sequences, additional signals are added to at least one of the digital signal sequences of digital signals. The additional signals are indicative of the momentary temporal relationship between the digital signals of the different digital signal sequences.

Abstract: The spatial closed signal pattern is represented by measured signals picked up from a living being by means of electrodes. Sequences of consecutive spatial slope values are formed for each spatial closed signal pattern and different such sequences associated with different spatial closed signal patterns are mutually correlated. As a result of such correlation, the sequences are classified according to different classes and there is determined a temporal offset between such sequences. Minimum spatial slope values respectively associated with the starting region and the end region of each sequence are determined for each class. Predetermined time intervals about the moments of time which are associated with such minimum spatial slope values, are investigated for those sampling moments of time associated with the measured data having the smallest mutual spatial distance.

Abstract: In a circuit supplying a digital system, the frequency at which the switching device therein is controlled is synchronized to be the same as one or several times half the sampling frequency. In this way, the original frequency spectrum can be kept free from interfering signals.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of digital signal transmission in which, for serially transmitting digital data of N channels, where N may for example be 16, 24 or 32, these data are serially and successively transmitted in groups of M, where M may for example be 2, 3 or 4, with each said group including data of K channels, where K may for example be 8, and in which a preamble with a pattern violating the rule of modulation for data transmission is provided, for example, at the foremost part of each such group, a data validity evaluation bit is added to the data of each such channel, and parity data is also provided to the totality of bits of each such group. A group address may also be provided to each such group for indicating its group number within the M groups.

Abstract: Described is a method for PCM signal recording in which, when single-channel or multichannel PCM signals are recorded so that one-channel PCM signals are recorded in plural recording tracks, the input PCM signals of one channel are correspondingly distributed to the plural recording tracks with at least one word as a unit, and in which the distributed plural signals are subjected to an encoding operation independently of one another and are recorded on the plural recording tracks. In distributing the input PCM signals by word units, word groups consisting of a predetermined number of consecutive words are sequentially distributed to the recording tracks, or plural consecutive words equal in number to the number of recording tracks are distributed to the tracks.

Abstract: For both recording and replay, a digital audio tape (14) is accelerated very rapidly by a motor servo (9), motor (8) and capstan (7) so that the tape speed overshoots nominal speed range before settling back to this range in an oscillatory manner. The digital samples are recorded and replayed via a head (15), a random access memory (16) and input/output electronics (19). During recording, the store (17) is precharged by starting to write in as soon as acceleration is initiated. Read-out to the tape is initiated as soon as the tape first reaches the nominal speed range. Uniformity of samples as recorded on the tape is preserved by clocking a read address generator (21) at a rate proportional to tape speed, signaled by a tachometer (7). The write address generator is clocked at the constant sampling rate. For replay the write address generator is clocked at the tape speed rate while the read address generator (21) is clocked at the constant sample rate.

Abstract: In producing an edited tape (31) the lead-in material up to a first edit point is separated from the lead-out material running from a second edit point by a space containing unwanted material and accommodating the actual or notional splice. The unwanted material ensures correct operation of error protection for all of the wanted material on replay. The first and second edit points are marked by codes placed on the tape (31) by a code processor (43) and supplementary head (42). During replay the digital data recovered from the tape by a head (32) is entered into a random access buffer store (34) under control of a write address generator (38) and read out to output electronics (37) under control of a read address generator (39) running at the audio sampling rate.

Abstract: When measuring signals are detected from a living being by means of electrodes, the moments of time associated with the starting point and the end point of the measuring signal are not unambiguously defined. In order to determine the starting point and the end point, a predetermined period of time of a selected signal pattern is subdivided into a first time interval and into a second time interval. The minimum distance between measuring points within the first time interval, on the one hand, and measuring points within the second time interval, on the other hand, is determined. The moments of time at which the measuring point of the first time interval associated with the minimum distance and the measuring point of the second time interval associated with the minimum distance are detected, are considered to constitute the starting point and the end point, respectively.

Abstract: An actual speed value converter for a motor comprises a tachometer having a part rotating with the speed to be measured, e.g., a capacitive or inductive rotor, or an optical actuator disk, the tachometer determining the frequency of a frequency generator. The frequency generator is part of an action path for preparing the actual speed value, the action path comprising a frequency generator and a downstream-connected frequency discriminator.