Abstract: Oxidative and reductive methods are described for the cost-effective destruction of an ammonia-bearing gas stream, potentially containing minor but significant quantities of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), in a conventional Claus sulfur recovery tail gas treating unit, using controlled rates and compositions of combustion gases in order to obtain the temperatures necessary for the desired destruction of unwanted combustibles.

Abstract: Tendon systems described herein may include a cellular tendon main body system having at least two essentially parallel pipe strings and may be used to moor a floating structure to a seabed. Hybrid tendon systems may include one or more tendon modules, where at least one tendon module includes a cellular tendon main body system. Where more than one module is used, the modules may be different types or designs of tendon systems, such as conventional single-string tendon or cellular tendon, according to the performance requirements of the module. Cellular tendon main body systems described herein enable the overall tendon, and subsequently the floating structure, to be used in ultra-deep waters and/or with heavy topsides.

Abstract: Oxidative and reductive methods are described for the cost-effective destruction of an ammonia-bearing gas stream, potentially containing minor but significant quantities of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), in a conventional Claus sulfur recovery tail gas treating unit, using controlled rates and compositions of combustion gases in order to obtain the temperatures necessary for the desired destruction of unwanted combustibles.

Abstract: Oxidative and reductive methods are described for the cost-effective destruction of an ammonia-bearing gas stream, potentially containing minor but significant quantities of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), in a conventional Claus sulfur recovery tail gas treating unit, using controlled rates and compositions of combustion gases in order to obtain the temperatures necessary for the desired destruction of unwanted combustibles.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the collection of liquid sulfur with integrated degassing are described, wherein the system and methods include the use of one or more liquid jet pumps or eductors employing a pumped liquid sulfur recycle stream as motive fluid to boost sulfur rundown pressure. The new invention eliminates piping constraints inherent with conventional gravity flow, thus permitting location of the sulfur collection vessel above ground and remote from the sulfur recovery unit. In addition, the described methods provide entrainment and enough agitation in the liquid sulfur such that simultaneously degassing occurs within the sulfur collection piping and associated systems described herein. The instant systems and methods are integrated with the degassing system, meaning that the sulfur will be initially degassed during the collection process, and then further degassing occurs by the methods described herein.

Abstract: A waste heat recovery system in which hot waste fluids, such as flue gasses, pass through a fluid heat exchanger configured to transfer energy in the form of heat to a heat transfer liquid, preferably molten salt. The energy in the molten salt is used to generate useable power such as electrical energy. The waste gas heat recovery system is especially adapted for use with batch processes, such as steelmaking and copper converting, and allows continuous or substantially continuous power production.

Abstract: This disclosure relates generally to processes for efficient incineration and conversion of the tail gas streams from sulfur recovery units containing sulfur compounds such as H2S, CO2, COS, CS2, and other sulfur species and sulfur vapors from S1 to S8 to SO2. The present disclosure describes the use of a combination of catalysts to achieve efficient oxidation of all reduced sulfur compounds as well as oxidation of CO and H2 to meet the industry emission requirements. The catalytic tail gas incineration process described herein can advantageously operate at lower temperatures, which in turn can represent a savings in reduced fuel gas costs.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the collection of liquid sulfur with integrated degassing are described, wherein the system and methods include the use of one or more liquid jet pumps or eductors employing a pumped liquid sulfur recycle stream as motive fluid to boost sulfur rundown pressure. The new invention eliminates piping constraints inherent with conventional gravity flow, thus permitting location of the sulfur collection vessel above ground and remote from the sulfur recovery unit. In addition, the described methods provide entrainment and enough agitation in the liquid sulfur such that simultaneously degassing occurs within the sulfur collection piping and associated systems described herein. The instant systems and methods are integrated with the degassing system, meaning that the sulfur will be initially degassed during the collection process, and then further degassing occurs by the methods described herein.

Abstract: Processes for the thermal reduction of sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur are described and disclosed. The processes described include three general reaction sections, including the reaction furnace portion where the SO2-containing stream is combusted, the hydrogenation portion wherein the effluent from the reaction furnace is hydrogenated over an appropriate catalyst, and a Claus conversion portion, wherein residual H2S and SO2 are further reacted to produce additional elemental sulfur.

Abstract: This disclosure relates generally to processes for efficient incineration and conversion of the tail gas streams from sulfur recovery units containing sulfur compounds such as H2S, CO2, COS, CS2, and other sulfur species and sulfur vapors from S1 to S8 to SO2. The present disclosure describes the use of a combination of catalysts to achieve efficient oxidation of all reduced sulfur compounds as well as oxidation of CO and H2 to meet the industry emission requirements. The catalytic tail gas incineration process described herein can advantageously operate at lower temperatures, which in turn can represent a savings in reduced fuel gas costs.

Abstract: The reduction of gas streams containing sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur is carried out by contacting a reducing gas, such as natural gas, methanol or a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, with recycled sulfur to produce a stream containing hydrogen sulfide that may be reacted with the gas stream that contains sulfur dioxide. Gas streams with a molar concentration of sulfur dioxide from 1 to 100% may be processed to achieve nearly 100% sulfur recovery efficiency.

Abstract: Processes for the thermal reduction of sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur are described and disclosed. The processes described include three general reaction sections, including the reaction furnace portion where the SO2-containing stream is combusted, the hydrogenation portion wherein the effluent from the reaction furnace is hydrogenated over an appropriate catalyst, and a Claus conversion portion, wherein residual H2S and SO2 are further reacted to produce additional elemental sulfur.

Abstract: A process for treating water to reduce silica based compound scaling in steam generation equipment is provided, including the step of subjecting water to a cation removal process to reduce the di- and trivalent cation concentration within the water to, most preferably, less than about 20 ppb prior to introducing the water into the steam generation equipment. This process eliminates the need for a lime softening stage and savings in capital and operating costs are realized.

Abstract: The thermal combustion step of the modified Claus process is carried out in a water-wall boiler instead of a refractory-lined reaction furnace. The water-wall boiler replaces the conventional refractory-lined furnace and waste heat boiler when air, oxygen, or oxygen-enriched air is used as the oxidant. The acid gas combustion may be hydrogen sulfide-rich or hydrogen sulfide-lean with or without contaminants such as hydrocarbons and ammonia. Thermal combustion is performed in a single stage, without a recycle, for all levels of oxygen enrichment.