Abstract: The invention is a method of sequencing polymers in which the sequence of one or more polymers is determined through an emergent property of the binding interactions of a repertoire of molecular probes to the polymer(s).

Abstract: Systems and methods for nucleic acid sequencing are provided. Nucleic acid is fixed in double-stranded linearized stretched form on a test substrate before being denatured into to single stranded form on the substrate to obtain adjacent fixed first and second strands of the nucleic acid. The strands are exposed to a respective pool of a respective oligonucleotide probe in a set of probes under conditions allowing for probes to form a heteroduplex with a corresponding complementary portion of the fixed first or second strand thereby giving rise to a respective instance of optical activity. An imager measures a location and duration on the substrate of this optical activity. The exposing and measuring is repeated for probes in the set of probes thereby obtaining a plurality of sets of positions. The nucleic acid sequence is determined from the plurality of sets of positions through compilation of the positions in the sets.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of determining the sequence of nucleotides in target nucleic acid molecules. Thus, the invention relates to methods of sub-unit sequencing. The methods comprise the use of identification nucleic acid detection entities which specifically hybridize to the target nucleic acid, bind identification tags and have localization tags transiently bind thereto.