Abstract: A network with parallel bridges transmits information packets over parallel paths between first and second terminals in a network having other terminals while maintaining conformity with a protocol that precludes establishing loops formed by links between terminals that allow information packets to recirculate indefinitely. There is a first pair of bridges with each bridge connected to a respective one of the first and second terminals and interconnected by a first link. There is a second pair of bridges each connected to a respective one of the first and second terminals and interconnected by a second link.

Abstract: A redundant repeater connected between two transmission mediums that can operate in a repeat state where packets are repeated between the mediums, and a standby state where no packets are repeated and where the repeater determines whether packets are being properly repeated between the transmission mediums by another device. If the repeater determines that packets are being independently repeated it remains in the standby state, and will attempt to leave the standby state and return to the repeat state only if it determines that packets on one medium are not being repeated to the second medium. Two repeaters can be redundantly connected across the same transmission mediums with one operating in repeat state and the other in standby. If one repeater fails, the other will begin repeating all received packets. The repeater determines whether packets are being properly repeated by detecting overlapping or non-overlapping packets between its two transmission mediums.