Abstract: Systems and methods for analyzing soil are generally provided. In particular, the disclosure provides systems and methods for determining bulk density of soil using rotational soil penetrometers. In some embodiments, the bulk density is determined by obtaining spectroscopic data and penetration torque data from the rotational soil penetrometer, and determining the bulk density of the soil based at least in part on the spectroscopic data and the penetration torque data. Bulk density may be combined with in situ measurements of elemental composition (e.g., carbon content) of soil in order to calculate total quantities of an element (e.g., carbon) in an area's topsoil. Also disclosed herein are systems and methods for modeling bulk density and/or carbon content of soil, based at least in part on spectroscopic data and penetration torque data. For example, trained statistical models determination are provided herein.

Abstract: Systems and methods for analyzing soil are generally provided. In particular, the disclosure provides systems and methods for determining bulk density of soil using rotational soil penetrometers. In some embodiments, the bulk density is determined by obtaining spectroscopic data and penetration torque data from the rotational soil penetrometer, and determining the bulk density of the soil based at least in part on the spectroscopic data and the penetration torque data. Bulk density may be combined with in situ measurements of elemental composition (e.g., carbon content) of soil in order to calculate total quantities of an element (e.g., carbon) in an area's topsoil. Also disclosed herein are systems and methods for modeling bulk density and/or carbon content of soil, based at least in part on spectroscopic data and penetration torque data. For example, trained statistical models determination are provided herein.

Abstract: Methods and systems for soil sampling are generally provided. Systems and methods described herein may stratify a geographic region together using a clustering method and one or more soil properties to form strata. These strata may then be used to develop an appropriate sampling plan for measuring a desired soil property in the geographic region.

Abstract: Systems and methods for analyzing soil are generally provided. In particular, the disclosure provides systems and methods for determining bulk density of soil using rotational soil penetrometers. In some embodiments, the bulk density is determined by obtaining spectroscopic data and penetration torque data from the rotational soil penetrometer, and determining the bulk density of the soil based at least in part on the spectroscopic data and the penetration torque data. Bulk density may be combined with in situ measurements of elemental composition (e.g., carbon content) of soil in order to calculate total quantities of an element (e.g., carbon) in an area's topsoil. Also disclosed herein are systems and methods for modeling bulk density and/or carbon content of soil, based at least in part on spectroscopic data and penetration torque data. For example, trained statistical models determination are provided herein.