Abstract: A method for treating a cancer, by determining a patient to have an ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) score of 0 or 1 and selecting that patient for treatment, and administering to the patient an effective amount of an immunomodulating composition comprising small molecular weight components of less than 3000 daltons, and having the following properties: (i) is extracted from bile of animals; (ii) is capable of stimulating monocytes and/or macrophages; (iii) is capable of modulating tumor necrosis factor production and/or release; (iv) contains no measurable level of IL-1?, IL-1?, TNF, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4, GM-CSF or IFN-?; (v) is not cytotoxic to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells; and (vi) is not an endotoxin.