Abstract: A method, system and computer program product for implementing an enhanced optical mirror coupling and alignment mechanism utilizing two-photon resist. An initial placement is provided for one or more vias on a printed circuit board. A via is filled with a resist. A series of tightly focused light beams suitably exposes the resist at varying depths in the via, the varying depths defining a sloped polymer in the via after removing resist that had not been at the focus of the light beam. The sloped polymer is coated with reflective material to reflect light into or out of the via.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure include selectively powering up a cache set of a multi-set associative cache by receiving an instruction fetch address and determining that the instruction fetch address corresponds to one of a plurality of entries of a content addressable memory. Based on determining that the instruction fetch address corresponds to one of a plurality of entries of a content addressable memory a cache set of the multi-set associative cache that contains a cache line referenced by the instruction fetch address is identified and only powering up a subset of cache. Based on the identified cache set not being powered up, selectively powering up the identified cache set of the multi-set associative cache and transmitting one or more instructions stored in the cache line referenced by the instruction fetch address to a processor.

Abstract: A method of generating analytics to provide an analysis of data from distinct data domains includes collecting sensor data from at least two distinct data domains, deriving parameters from the collected data, wherein at least one of the parameters is a first domain parameter derived from one of the data domains and at least another one of the parameters is a second domain parameter derived from the other data domain, providing a data model that enables a user to specify at least one of the first parameters and at least one of the second domain parameters and generate at least one rule based on the selected parameters, and generating analytics that analyze the collected data against the rules to determinate whether the rules have been satisfied and provide results of the analysis to a user of the analytics.

Abstract: Thermal-aware source code compilation including: receiving, by a compiler, an identification of a target computing system, the identification of the target computing system specifying temperature sensors that measure temperature of a memory module; compiling the source code into an executable application including inserting in the executable application computer program instructions for thermal-aware execution, the computer program instructions, when executed on the target computing system, carry out the steps of: retrieving temperature measurements of one or more of the target computing system's temperature sensors; determining, in real-time in dependence upon the temperature measurements, whether a memory module is overheated; if a memory module is overheated, entering a thermal-aware execution state including, for each memory allocation in the executable application, allocating memory on a different memory module than the overheated memory module; and upon the temperature sensors indicating the memory modu

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a method, system and computer program product for fast mouse pointer location. In an embodiment of the invention, a method for fast mouse pointer location includes determining a contemporaneous location of a mouse pointer in a GUI of a host computer, dimensioning in memory of the host computer different shapes and arranging the shapes to proximately meet at a point of intersection, overlaying the shapes in the GUI at a position proximate to the contemporaneous location of the mouse pointer, displaying the shapes in the GUI for a brief period of time before hiding the shapes from view in the GUI and repeating the determining, dimensioning, overlaying and displaying for different movements of the mouse pointer in the GUI.

Abstract: A structure with improved electromigration resistance and methods for making the same. A structure having improved electromigration resistance includes a bulk interconnect having a dual layer cap and a dielectric capping layer. The dual layer cap includes a bottom metallic portion and a top metal oxide portion. Preferably the metal oxide portion is MnO or MnSiO and the metallic portion is Mn or CuMn. The structure is created by doping the interconnect with an impurity (Mn in the preferred embodiment), and then creating lattice defects at a top portion of the interconnect. The defects drive increased impurity migration to the top surface of the interconnect. When the dielectric capping layer is formed, a portion reacts with the segregated impurities, thus forming the dual layer cap on the interconnect. Lattice defects at the Cu surface can be created by plasma treatment, ion implantation, a compressive film, or other means.

Abstract: In a replacement gate scheme, a continuous material layer is deposited on a bottom surface and a sidewall surface in a gate cavity. A vertical portion of the continuous material layer is removed to form a gate component of which a vertical portion does not extend to a top of the gate cavity. The gate component can be employed as a gate dielectric or a work function metal portion to form a gate structure that enhances performance of a replacement gate field effect transistor.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to an integrated development environment (IDE)-based approach for testing development projects (e.g., comprising one or more intended workloads). In a typical embodiment, a designation of a project (e.g. having a set of workloads) for testing on a network resource group is received via a user interface associated with an IDE. A current server instance in the network resource group having a highest availability for testing the project may then be identified (e.g., based on an analysis of various computing/cost characteristics). The project may then be deployed to the current server instance, and a network address corresponding to the current server instance may be associated with the project in a computer storage device. The project may then be tested by processing the set of intended workloads using the current server instance.

Abstract: A method that includes identifying a failure indication for a first data storage device that is a member of a first RAID group within a storage array. The method further can include, via a processor external to the storage array, identifying a virtual drive that is defined to include at least one logical storage volume defined in a second RAID group. The virtual drive can be provisioned to serve as a virtual hot spare within the first RAID group to replace the first data storage device.

Abstract: A system includes preparing respective proof reading tools for performing carpet proof reading and side-by-side proof reading of text data, recording a log of time to perform proof reading operations by using the first and second proof reading tools. The method further includes estimating, based on times stored in a log, times to perform proof reading of a character using 1) the first proof reading tool followed by using the second proof reading tool, and 2) the second proof reading tool. The method further includes determining for each character value, based on the estimated times, to use the first proof reading tool along with using the second proof reading tool and determining, or to use the second proof reading tool without using the first proof reading tool.

Abstract: Transistors exhibiting different electrical characteristics such as different switching threshold voltage or different leakage characteristics are formed on the same chip or wafer by selectively removing a film or layer which can serve as an out-diffusion sink for an impurity region such as a halo implant and out-diffusing an impurity such as boron into the out-diffusion sink, leaving the impurity region substantially intact where the out-diffusion sink has been removed. In forming CMOS integrated circuits, such a process allows substantially optimal design for both low-leakage and low threshold transistors and allows a mask and additional associated processes to be eliminated, particularly where a tensile film is employed to increase electron mobility since the tensile film can be removed from selected NMOS transistors concurrently with removal of the tensile film from PMOS transistors.

Abstract: An autonomous integrated circuit (IC) includes a solar cell formed on a bottom substrate of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate as a handle substrate; an insulating layer of the SOI substrate located on top of the solar cell; and a device layer formed on a top semiconductor layer of the SOI substrate located on top of the insulating layer, wherein a top contact of the device layer is electrically connected to a bottom contact of the solar cell such that the solar cell is enabled to power the device layer.

Abstract: A method (500) or a diagnostic recording device (400) having transactional memory and a processor coupled to the transactional memory can store (502) contents of a transaction log (40) of the transactional memory, detect (504) an exception event, and replay (506) last instructions that led up to the exception event using a debugger tool (80). The transactional memory can be hardware or software based transactional memory. The processor can also store the transaction log by storing the contents of the transaction log in a core file (302) which can include a stack (60), a register dump (70), a memory dump (75), and the transactional log. The debugger tool can be used to load up the core file, an executable file (95), and a library (90) to enable the diagnostic recording device to retrace transactions occurring at the diagnostic recording device up to the exception event.

Abstract: A method that includes: running a set of functional tests over a computer code; determining, for each code element of the computer code, which functional test covered it, to yield a tests-elements coverage map; associating portions of the computer code with corresponding design portions or requirements derived from a design document or a requirements document respectively, associated with the computer code, to yield a design/requirements-code tracing map; deriving, from the tests-code coverage map and the design/requirements-code tracing map, a design/requirements-tests coverage map, exhibiting coverage of the computer code by the functional tests, in terms of the design or the requirements, wherein at least one of the running, the determining, the associating, and the deriving is executed by at least one processor.

Abstract: An aspect includes providing rollback support in an exposed-pipeline processing element. A method for providing rollback support in an exposed-pipeline processing element includes detecting, by rollback support logic, an error associated with execution of an instruction in the exposed-pipeline processing element. The rollback support logic determines whether the exposed-pipeline processing element supports replay of the instruction for a predetermined number of cycles. Based on determining that the exposed-pipeline processing element supports replay of the instruction, a rollback action is performed in the exposed-pipeline processing element to attempt recovery from the error.

Abstract: A method comprising using at least one hardware processor for: analyzing text in a digital document, to identify a text segment referring to a figure of the digital document; mapping said text segment to said figure; identifying, in said text segment, reference to one or more non-grayscale colors of said figure, to determine a level of importance of said one or more colors to legibility of said figure; and printing said digital document in accordance with the level of importance.

Abstract: Mobile network services are performed in a mobile data network in a way that is transparent to most of the existing equipment in the mobile data network. The mobile data network includes a radio access network and a core network. A first service mechanism in the radio access network breaks out data coming from a basestation, and performs one or more mobile network services at the edge of the mobile data network based on the broken out data. These services may include caching of data, data or video compression techniques, push-based services, charging, application serving, analytics, security, data filtering, and new revenue-producing services, as well as others. This architecture allows performing new mobile network services at the edge of a mobile data network within the infrastructure of an existing mobile data network.

Abstract: A database may be accessed by creating a virtualized environment on a computer system and instantiating a driver for a database within the virtualized environment. A first execution thread within the virtualized environment is created and a first unique identifier is associated with the first execution thread within the driver for the database. A first connection to the database is then opened from within the first execution thread using the first unique identifier. A first native program containing embedded structured query language (SQL) statements is executed within the first execution thread and the first native program is provided with access to said database using the first connection to said database.

Abstract: A protocol for communicating with the timing facility used in a data processing network to provide synchronization is provided via the execution of a machine instruction that accepts a plurality of commands. The interaction is provided through the use of message request blocks and their associated message response blocks. In this way timing parameters may be determined, modified and communicated. This makes it much easier for multiple servers or nodes in a data processing network to exist as a coordinated timing network and to thus more cooperatively operate on the larger yet identical data files.

Abstract: A method, system and program product for assisting a presentation owner in creating and presenting information to audience users in a virtual 3D cyclorama-like environment. A presentation object tool provides behavior in the cyclorama object to assist the presentation owner in resolving graphic objects into the cyclorama and in placing information onto the graphic objects. The presenter object tool also provides behavior in the graphic objects to allow the presentation owner to expand a graphic object into a larger viewing size, to increment and decrement the placement of graphic objects within the cyclorama's presentation space, and to place an expanded graphic object into a home viewing position for presentation to audience users.

Abstract: A system that persistently maintains and exposes one or more previous object hierarchies to which an object belonged across one or more hierarchy destroying operations, such as operations that delete parent objects, add parent objects subsequent to addition of their descendent objects, forward objects to or from the hierarchy, and/or modify hierarchy determining rules. A user interface object allows user access to one or more persistent hierarchies for the corresponding object. A hierarchy list or the like allows a user to select a desired one of the persistent hierarchies. A persistent hierarchy can be accessed in the disclosed system through a display object associated with any object within the hierarchy, including the root, leaves, and any intervening objects. When objects are deleted, “ghost” objects are maintained and displayed to the user in the hierarchical positions of the deleted objects when a persistent hierarchy is displayed.

Abstract: Predetermined multimedia services are provided to a plurality of users through a IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). A request is received at a placement server of a multimedia service by at least one user, and the placement server retrieves on a presence server information about the at least one user. The placement server identifies application servers including a multimedia application capable of providing the requested multimedia service, and the placement server selects an application server that is located a minimum average distance from at least one user. In response to the minimum average distance being greater than a predetermined threshold, a local application server is selected with an average distance from the user that is less than the predetermined threshold. A virtual image of the multimedia application is created on the selected local application server, and a connection is established between the user and the selected local application server.

Abstract: An approach for composing an analytic solution is provided. After associating descriptive schemas with web services and web-based applets, a set of input data sources is enumerated for selection. A desired output type is received. Based on the descriptive schemas that specify required inputs and outputs of the web services and web-based applets, combinations of web services and web-based applets are generated. The generated combinations achieve a result of the desired output type from one of the enumerated input data sources. Each combination is derived from available web services and web-based applets. The combinations include one or more workflows that provide an analytic solution. A workflow whose result satisfies the business objective may be saved. Steps in a workflow may be iteratively refined to generate a workflow whose result satisfies the business objective.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for detecting unauthorized bulk forwarding of sensitive data over a network. A bulk forwarding of email from a first network environment is automatically detected by determining an arrival rate for internal emails received from within the first network environment into one or more user accounts; determining a sending rate for external emails sent from the one or more user accounts to a second network environment; and detecting the bulk forwarding of email from a given user account by comparing the arrival rate for internal emails and the sending rate for external emails. The bulk forwarding of email from a given user account can be detected by determining whether statistical models of the arrival rate for internal emails and of the sending rate for external emails are correlated in time.

Abstract: Automatically accesses, from a database, the rate of power consumption of each object on a displayed list and automatically calculating the power consumption of each object over a planned period time of use of the object. Then, during actual use, the actual power consumption of each object on the list is automatically tracked over the planned period of time of use and the difference between the planned and actual power consumption of each object on the list is automatically calculated. The difference for each object on the list is displayed so that the user may take action interactively.

Abstract: A method, system and computer program product for providing high availability to a hybrid application server environment containing non-Java® containers. Each hybrid application server in the cluster includes a Java® container and a non-Java® container hosting Java® and non-Java® applications, respectively. Upon detecting the non-Java® container becoming unavailable (failing), an object, such as an MBean, identifies and deactivates those Java® application(s) that are dependent on the non-Java® application(s) deployed in the unavailable non-Java® container using dependency information stored in an application framework. The deactivated Java® application(s) are marked as being unavailable. A routing agent continues to send requests to those Java® application(s) that are not marked as being unavailable within that hybrid application server containing the unavailable non-Java® container.

Abstract: In one aspect, a method of fabricating a nanowire FET device includes the following steps. A layer of III-V semiconductor material is formed on an SOI layer of an SOI wafer. Fins are etched into the III-V material and SOI layer. One or more dummy gates are formed over a portion of the fins that serves as a channel region of the device. A gap filler material is deposited onto the wafer. The dummy gates are removed selective to the gap filler material, forming trenches in the gap filler material. The SOI layer is removed from portions of the fins within the trenches thereby forming suspended nanowire channels in the channel regions of the device. The trenches are filled with at least one gate material to form one or more replacement gates surrounding the nanowire channels in a gate-all-around configuration.

Abstract: A data processing system and computer program product for processing instructions. The instructions are processed by a processor unit while using a first table in a plurality of tables to predict a set of instructions needed by the processor unit after processing of a conditional instruction. An identification is formed that a rate of success in correctly predicting the set of instructions when using the first table is less than a threshold number. A sequence of the instructions being processed by the processor unit is searched for an instruction that matches a marker in a set of markers for identifying when to use the plurality of tables. An identification that the instruction that matches the marker is formed. A second table from the plurality of tables referenced by the marker is identified. The second table is used in place of the first table.

Abstract: A method and system for deciding an optimal action in consideration of risk. The method includes the steps of: generating sequentially, by way of a Markov decision process based on a Monte Carlo method, a series of data having states on a memory of a computer; computing a risk measure of a present data by tracking generated data from opposite order to generation order, where the risk measure is calculated from a value at risk or an exceedance probability that is derived from risk measures of a plurality of states transitionable from a state of the present data; and executing the step of computing the risk measure while tracking back to starting data, where at least one of the steps is carried out using a computer device.

Abstract: A slide presentation file created by a web conference client device at an initial presentation quality using one version of an application is uploaded to a web conference server device that implements a state sharing mechanism for web conference slide presentation quality improvement during a web conference among a group of web conference client devices. The web conference server device is requested to begin rendering and distribution of presentation slides as part of the web conference among the group of web conference client devices using the state sharing mechanism. A rendered web conference presentation slide of the slide presentation file is received from the web conference server device. A determination is made that the rendered web conference presentation slide of the slide presentation file is rendered at a presentation quality different from the initial presentation quality of the uploaded slide presentation file.

Abstract: Management of storage used by pageable guests of a computing environment is facilitated. A query instruction is provided that details information regarding the storage location indicated in the query. It specifies whether the storage location, if protected, is protected by host-level protection or guest-level protection.

Abstract: Techniques are described for processing data. Embodiments receive streaming data to be processed by a plurality of processing elements. An operator graph of the plurality of processing elements that defines at least one execution path is established. Additionally, a first processing element in the operator graph includes a barrier operator that joins the output of one or more upstream operators included in one or more of the plurality of processing elements. Embodiments initiate one or more timeout conditions at the barrier operator. Embodiments also determine, at the first processing element, that one or more timeout conditions have been satisfied before data has been received from each of the one or more upstream operators. Upon determining that the one or more timeout conditions have been satisfied, embodiments generate output data at the barrier operator without the data from at least one of the one or more upstream operators.

Abstract: An audit device according to one embodiment includes a substrate; at least one test element coupled to the substrate; a connector adapted for coupling the at least one test element to leads of a cable; and a probe for detecting at least one of: voltage across and current through the at least one test element. Additional systems and methods are also presented.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method and technique for virtual machine allocation is disclosed. The method includes: responsive to receiving a request to execute a virtual machine, determining a geophysical location of a host for the virtual machine; determining a geophysical policy for the virtual machine; determining whether the geophysical policy for the virtual machine corresponds to the geophysical location of the host for the virtual machine; and responsive to determining that the geophysical policy for the virtual machine corresponds to the geophysical location of the host, executing the virtual machine.

Abstract: Described are a system and method for identifying variables which impact performance of software under development. Data is collected that is related to performance characteristics of the software under development. Performance change gradients are determined between previous builds of the software under development. A set of performance change factors are generated from the collected data that corresponds to each performance change gradient. Performance characteristic data corresponding to a current build of the software under development are compared to the performance change gradients. At least one fault component from the set of performance change factors that influences performance of the current build is output in response to the comparison between the performance characteristic data corresponding to the current build and the plurality of performance change gradients.

Abstract: The population of data to be inserted into secondary data storage cache is controlled by determining a heat metric of candidate data; adjusting a heat metric threshold; rejecting candidate data provided to the secondary data storage cache whose heat metric is less than the threshold; and admitting candidate data whose heat metric is equal to or greater than the heat metric threshold. The adjustment of the heat metric threshold is determined by comparing a reference metric related to hits of data most recently inserted into the secondary data storage cache, to a reference metric related to hits of data most recently evicted from the secondary data storage cache; if the most recently inserted reference metric is greater than the most recently evicted reference metric, decrementing the threshold; and if the most recently inserted reference metric is less than the most recently evicted reference metric, incrementing the threshold.

Abstract: Provided are a computer program product, system, and method for assigning device adaptors and background tasks to use to copy source extents to target extents in a copy relationship. A relation is provided of a plurality of source extents in source ranks to copy to a plurality of target extents in target ranks in the storage system. One target rank in the relation is used to determine an order in which the target ranks in the relation are selected to register for copying. For each selected target rank in the relation selected according to the determined order, an iteration of a registration operation is performed to register the selected target rank and a selected source rank copied to the selected target rank in the relation.

Abstract: A processor instruction scheduler comprising an optimization engine which uses an optimization model for a processor architecture with: means to generate an optimization model for the optimization engine from a design of a processor and data representing optimization goals and constraints and a code stream, wherein the processor has at least two execution pipes and at least two registers, and wherein the design comprises data for processor instruction latency and execution pipes, and wherein the code stream comprises processor instructions with corresponding register selections; and reordering means to generate an optimized code stream from the code stream with the optimal solution provided by the optimization engine for the optimization model by reordering the code stream, such that optimum values for the optimization goals under the given constraints are achieved without affecting the operation results of the code stream.

Abstract: A device having a physical unclonable function includes an integrated circuit and a phase change memory embedded in the integrated circuit and including a plurality of cells, where the phase change memory is set in a manner that creates a phase variation over the plurality of cells, and where the phase variation comprises the physical unclonable function. In another embodiment, a device having a physical unclonable function includes a phase change memory embedded in the device and comprising a plurality of cells, where the phase change memory is set in a manner that creates a phase variation over the plurality of cells, and where the phase variation comprises the physical unclonable function, and a measurement circuit for extracting the physical unclonable function from the phase change memory.

Abstract: Techniques are described for providing a backup DHCP server using a DHCP relay agent. Embodiments retrieve DHCP server configuration information specifying a configuration of one or more DHCP servers. Additionally, embodiments monitor, at a DHCP relay agent, DHCP lease traffic between the one or more DHCP servers and one or more DHCP clients passing through the DHCP relay agent. Upon determining that the one or more DHCP servers have failed, DHCP server services are provided at the DHCP relay agent, based on the received DHCP server configuration information and the monitored DHCP lease traffic.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for cross-allocated block repair in a mounted file system. A set of cross-allocated blocks are identified from a plurality of blocks within an inode of the mounted file system, based on a corresponding bit associated with each cross-allocated block in a duplicated block information bitmap being in a first identified state. The set of cross-allocated blocks are repaired using a user-defined repair process. Then one or more of the set of cross-allocated blocks are deallocated based on results of the user-defined repair process.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for evaluating an application to determine a processing environment suited for executing the application. A request may be received to execute the application. If execution data identified for the application do not satisfy a first set of criteria, the application is deployed for execution on a first processing environment. If the execution data satisfy the first set of criteria, the application is deployed for execution partially in time on a second processing environment, based on the execution data. The second processing environment provides a higher capability than the first processing environment in terms of at least one resource type.

Abstract: A system and method for configuring client access to a network includes at a first port, accessing a first server on a first local area network associated with the first port. An authorized local area network other than the first local area network is determined to which an authorized connection can be properly made based on information in a client request. The first port is assigned to the authorized local area network. Communications are handled with a new client configuration in the authorized local area network.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for query processing comprises: creating an index of a database and ordering a set of index candidates from the index into a list based on a set of heuristic rules. A query defining a query path is then reduced into a list of single path expressions. Each index candidate is matched against the list of single path expressions according to the ordering of the index candidates. The matched candidate nodes are also verified to insure that they satisfy the query path.

Abstract: A method, computer program product, and system generating epigenetic cohorts for a specific time period through clustering of epigenetic surprisal data at a specific time comprising. receiving a phenotypic and/or demographic parameter and a cluster characteristics input from a user; searching the epigenetic surprisal data at a specific time for the parameter and storing matches in a repository; generating a cluster comprising a centroid for each parameter by populating the cluster based on the matches of the parameter with the epigenetic surprisal data at a specific time period; determining at least two epigenetic cohorts for a specific time period from the cluster for each parameter and based on the input from the user; and if the cohorts do not match the input of the user, reporting the cohorts determined to the user and returning to the step of receiving a parameter and characteristic input from a user.

Abstract: A computer implemented method for functional integration of metadata for a plurality of databases, includes: creating a single set of classes and instances for the classes for metadata of at least one relational data schema and at least one non-relational data schema for the plurality of databases; defining semantic relationships between the instances based on the structural information in the relational data schema and the non-relational data schema for the plurality of databases; associating the semantic relationships with a property class; creating a single set of triples for the semantic relationships between the instances; storing the single set of triples in a file; and using the set of triples stored in the file to navigate between the plurality of databases to formulate a response to a query.

Abstract: A mobile sensor receives a mobile sensor location and destination. The mobile sensor determines, from a repository of road segments, a plurality of routes having a first endpoint corresponding to the mobile sensor location, and a second endpoint corresponding to the destination. The mobile sensor receives transit data from a plurality of peer mobile sensors, wherein each transit data comprises a peer mobile sensor's velocity and a peer mobile sensor's location. The mobile sensor stores at least one transit data based on the peer mobile sensor's velocity and peer mobile sensor's location corresponding to at least one of the plurality of routes, thereby forming at least one stored transit data. The mobile sensor determines that a sampling period has expired. The mobile sensor reports a route corresponding to a stored transit route having best transit data or no transit data, wherein the route is among the plurality of routes.

Abstract: An accelerator work allocation mechanism determines at run-time which functions to allocate to a hardware accelerator based on a defined accelerator policy, and based on an analysis performed at run-time. The analysis includes reading the accelerator policy, and determining whether a particular function satisfies the accelerator policy. If so, the function is allocated to the hardware accelerator. If not, the function is allocated to the processor.

Abstract: Fin-defining mask structures are formed over a semiconductor material layer. A semiconductor material portion is formed by patterning the semiconductor material layer, and a disposable gate structure is formed over the fin-defining mask structures. After formation of a disposable template layer, the disposable gate structure is removed. A plurality of semiconductor fins are formed by etching center portions of the semiconductor material portion employing the combination of the disposable template layer and the fin-defining mask structures as an etch mask. A first pad region and a second pad region laterally contact the plurality of semiconductor fins. A replacement gate structure is formed on the plurality of semiconductor fins. The disposable template layer is removed, and the first pad region and the second pad regions are vertically recessed. Vertical source/drain junctions can be formed by introducing dopants through vertical sidewalls of the recessed source and second pad regions.

Abstract: A method of forming a light-emitting diode including determining a first level of tensile stress to be applied to a base substrate including a plurality of quantum well layers to adjust a band-gap of the base substrate to a predetermined band-gap. The first level of tensile stress is generated in the base substrate by forming a tensile-stressing layer on the base substrate.