Abstract: A method for presenting closed captioning text on device display screens, the method includes: receiving a continuous flow of audio video (A/V) content information; separating closed captioning information from video content contained in the A/V content information flow; accumulating the closed captioning information in a first memory buffer; displaying the video content without the closed captioning information to form a first video snippet; determining one of the following video mode conditions: whether a first time limit for viewing the video snippet been exceeded, whether the capacity of the first memory buffer for the closed captioning been exceeded, and whether a closed caption command to display the accumulated closed captioning been received; wherein in the event one or more of the video mode conditions occurs: retrieving the accumulated closed captioning from the first memory buffer; and displaying the accumulated closed caption information without the video content.

Abstract: A method of operating an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) by inverting a result of an operation to be executed during a current cycle in response to control signals from instruction decode logic which indicate that a later operation will require a complement of the result, wherein the result is inverted during the current cycle. The later operation may be a subtraction operation that immediately follows the first operation. The later instruction is decoded prior to the current cycle to control the inversion in the ALU. The ALU includes an adder, a rotator, and a data manipulation unit which invert the result during the current cycle in response to an invert control signal. The second operation subtracts the result during a subsequent cycle in which a carry control signal to the adder is enabled, and the rotator and the data manipulation unit are disabled. The ALU may be used in an execution unit of a microprocessor, such as a fixed-point unit.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present method and apparatus for processing a search request message received over a network includes computing a threshold value in accordance with the search request message and returning at least one search result to a user in response to the search request message, if a rank of the at least one search result at least meets the threshold value.

Abstract: A method, a system, an apparatus, and a computer program product are presented for a fragment caching methodology. After a message is received at a computing device, a fragment in the message body is cached. Cache ID rules from an origin server accompany a fragment to describe a method for forming a unique cache ID for the fragment such that dynamic content can be cached away from an origin server. A cache ID may be based on a URI and/or query parameters and/or cookies that are associated with a fragment. After user authentication, a cookie containing the user's role may be used in subsequent requests for role-specific fragments and in the cache identifier for role-specific fragments, thereby allowing requests from other users for role-specific fragments to be resolved in the cache when the users have the same role because these users would also have the same cookie.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for determining the impact of a failure of a component on one or more services that the component is supporting. The method receiving a data feed from a processing node, the data feed containing data indicative of the identity and system status of a component running on the processing node; in response to the identity of the component, first determining if the component supports one or more services; identifying the temporal activity of the one or more services and, in dependence on the determining step, second determining the impact of the system status on the one or more services.

Abstract: A method for inputting graphical data into a graphical input field includes initiating an input of graphical data via a graphical input device into the graphical input field, and actuating a voice-form module in response to initiating the input of graphical data. Actuating the voice-form module includes actuating a first voice-form function for capturing an initial value corresponding to the graphical input field and actuating a second voice-form function based upon a final value corresponding to the graphical input field. The first voice-form function initiates a timing function for polling the graphical input field at a predefined interval to determine subsequent values corresponding to the graphical input field in order to determine whether the input of graphical data into the graphical input field is complete. The second voice-form function determines whether the final value corresponding to the graphical input field is contained within a predefined set of valid values.

Abstract: A data processing system implemented method for determining database workload periodicity. The data processing system implemented method includes converting database activity samples spanning a time period from the dime domain to the frequency domain, the converting resulting in a frequency spectrum, identifying fundamental peaks of the frequency spectrum, and allocating database resources based on at least one of the fundamental peaks.

Abstract: A system and method for processing payment requests submitted in various formats. The system comprises an imaging system for recording paper invoices in a human readable format; a web payment request system for receiving invoice information via a graphical user interface and for generating an electronic invoice; an approval routing system for electronically routing approval requests; and an accounts payable preprocessing system that provides real-time auditing of the electronic invoice to the web payment request system while invoice information is being received.

Abstract: A computer implemented power optimization method that generates statistics relating to the clock gating of a set of components in a VLSI design. A set of components, including those components which are not clock gated, are identified. The generation of statistics related to clock gating testing identify whether one or more components of the set of components may be clock gated.

Abstract: An assembly that facilitates the use of modules requiring orthogonal airflow in a chassis providing normal airflow. Partitions within the housing direct ambient airflow from the front air inlet, through the modules, and out the rear air exhaust. The housing and partitions define first and second vertically and horizontally offset slots for receiving first and second orthogonal airflow modules, and also define separate first and second airflow pathways. The first airflow pathway provides airflow through a front air inlet, under the second module, orthogonally through the first module and out the rear air exhaust. Similarly, the second airflow pathway provides airflow through a front air inlet, over the first module, orthogonally through the second module and out the rear air exhaust. Both airflow pathways both draw ambient air into the housing and exhaust warm air from the rear of the housing, while keeping the two airflow pathways separated.

Abstract: An asperity data storage system wherein asperities are used to represent stored data. The asperity data storage system includes an asperity transducer that thermally interacts with a data storage medium adapted to store an information-encoded pattern of asperities thereon, such as a rotatable disk, a streamable tape, or a fixed medium. A drive system produces relative motion between the data storage medium and the asperity transducer, while electrical signals corresponding to the asperities are processed as stored information. A positional relationship can be maintained between the asperity transducer and the data storage medium using the asperities on the data storage medium for reference. A related asperity data storage method and the asperity data storage medium itself are further disclosed.

Abstract: A system for automatically segmenting the compilation of a large Java project under a controller node to a grid of slave nodes so as to reduce build time. A build tree scanner at the controller node sizes the number of files in the project and the length of each source file. Each slave node has a complete and synchronized set of all compilable units in the project. The controller node automatically segments the source files into a number of filesets commensurate with the number and resource capacities of slave nodes available for the build, allocates the filesets to the slave nodes, and automatically generates build filesets from a master dependency tree built from dependency trees constructed by each slave node. The build sets are then equitably allocated to the slave nodes. Then the targets are reaped and placed on the controller node, which performs post-compilation tasks.

Abstract: A hierarchical power management system comprises first and second power management controllers, a power management command combination element, a power management command terminator, a power-managed data processing system element, and a power management bus coupled between the power management controllers, power management command combination element, and power management command terminator.

Abstract: A methodology for operating a data sharing application in a peer-to-peer network is presented. After a first peer node receives a request for a copy of a specified file from a second peer node, the first peer node may either return a copy of the specified file or a response message containing an alternate node list associated with the specified file. The alternate node list contains a set of node identifiers indicating a set of alternate peer nodes within the peer-to-peer network that may have a copy of the specified file. The alternate node list is dynamically maintained at each peer node. The response provided by the first peer node, i.e. either a copy of the specified file or the alternate node list, can be determined based on an operational condition of the first peer node, e.g., whether or not the first peer node is experiencing an overload condition.

Abstract: A method of forming and a structure of an electronic device. The method including: forming a trench in a single-crystal semiconductor substrate; forming a dopant diffusion barrier layer on sidewalls and a bottom of the trench; and epitaxially growing a single-crystal semiconductor layer in the trench, the single-crystal semiconductor layer filling the trench, the dopant diffusion barrier layer a barrier to diffusion of semiconductor dopants. Also a power transistor formed by the same method.

Abstract: A method for evaluating system behavior of an application domain within a grid environment can include the step of identifying a host software object within the application domain. A software object can be associated with the host software object. Within the associated software object, host actions can be replicated. Replicated actions can be recorded. The host software object can move from one grid within the grid environment to a different grid. The associated software object can responsively move within the grid environment in accordance with movement of the host software object.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and products are provided for enabling services on a UAV. Embodiments include determining a current position of the UAV, selecting a service module for the UAV in dependence upon the current position of the UAV, uploading the service module to the UAV, and executing the service module on the UAV. Selecting a service module for the UAV in dependence upon the current position of the UAV may include retrieving from a module database a module record in dependence upon the current position of the UAV. Typical embodiments also include selecting a flying pattern algorithm in dependence upon the selected service module and piloting the UAV in accordance with the flying pattern algorithm. Many embodiments also include selecting a navigational algorithm in dependence upon the selected service module and navigating the UAV in accordance with the navigational algorithm.

Abstract: A self-tuning, low overhead, simple to implement, locally adaptive, novel cache management policy that dynamically and adaptively partitions the cache space amongst sequential and random streams so as to reduce read misses.

Abstract: A method of adaptive email in-basket ordering which applies weightings to various e-mail attributes in order to sort the in-box. A plurality of unopened emails is presented. An order in which at least one email is opened is determined. At least one attribute is determined for the at least one email. A weight is generated by comparing the value of the at least one attribute with a value of at least one corresponding attribute of at least one unopened email. The weight is applied to the value of the at least one attribute. A pair-wise ordering is determined according to weighted attribute values of a first unopened email and a second unopened email. Unopened emails are sorted according to the pair-wise ordering.

Abstract: A method for reducing latency in a host Ethernet adapter (HEA) includes the following. First, the HEA receives a packet with an internet protocol (IP) header and data in the HEA. The HEA parses a connection identifier from the IP header and accesses a negative cache in the HEA to determine if the connection identifier is not in a memory external to the HEA. The HEA applies a default treatment to the packet if the connection identifier is not in the memory, thereby reducing latency by decreasing access to the memory.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a device that relates to orientation of a hand tool. The device comprising, a housing of the orientation device, at least one direction sensor attached to the housing, at least one alarm in operable communication with the at least one direction sensor. The alarm configured for transmitting an alert in response to the at least one direction sensor sensing a direction beyond at least one preset direction limit, and a clamp for releasably attaching the device to a hand tool.

Abstract: Methods to enhance browsing of messages in a message queue are disclosed. Embodiments include hardware and/or software for tracking records browsed by one or more agents. The agents can be processes designed to collect, process, and/or reformat data for an upperware application, a data warehouse, and/or similar arrangements. When agents set up communications with a queue, the agents may include an attribute setting that instructs the middleware to track the last record browsed and/or the next record to browse. In response to setting the attribute, some embodiments record the current record number, row number, queue identifier, and/or the like in a database with an agent identification (ID). Then, whenever an agent re-establishes communication with the middleware queue using the same ID, the middleware can retrieve the current record number.

Abstract: Under the present invention, interactivity metrics between users of collaborative spaces are measured. Based on the interactivity metrics, the collaborative spaces are categorized. Then, when a potential user provides desired interactivity metrics for a collaborative space he/she wishes to utilize, one or more of the categorized collaborative spaces can be recommend thereto.

Abstract: A method of creating an electronic message from a sender to a recipient suggests a salutation. The method may search for the recipient in the sender's address book for an address book salutation, e-mail folders for an e-mail salutation, chat logs for a chat salutation, and/or organization directory for a hierarchical salutation. If the method finds at least one of the address book salutation, the e-mail salutation, the chat salutation, or the hierarchical salutation, the method suggests a salutation to the sender. If the method cannot determine the address book salutation, the e-mail salutation, the chat salutation, and the method attempts to deduce a name of the recipient. If the method fails to deduce the name of the recipient, the method suggests a default salutation. If the method deduces the name of the recipient, the method attempts to deduce a country of residence for the recipient.

Abstract: An XML parsing system includes a pattern-matching system 1 that receives an input stream 2 of characters corresponding to the XML document to be parsed, and provides an output 3 for subsequent processing in software by a processor 4. The pattern matching system 1 includes two main components, a controller in the form of a programmable state machine 5, which is programmed with an appropriate state transition diagram 6, and a character processing unit 7 in the form of a token and character handler. The programmable state machine 5 controls the character processing unit 7 to, e.g., compare characters in the input character stream 2 with other received or stored characters. The character processing unit 7 then provides feedback to the programmable state machine controller 5, e.g., as to whether the compared characters match, so that the programmable state machine controller 5 can then parse the received document accordingly.

Abstract: A method for securing chat sessions containing confidential subject matter during instant messaging from external entities is provided. The method, comprising: building a set of rules used to determine when a chat session between a first chat party and a second chat party during an instant messaging session contains confidential or uniquely classified subject matter; and securing the contents in the chat session based on pre-defined user settings, the contents in the chat session being secured when the contents in the chat session is determined to contain confidential subject matter derived from the set of rules, the chat session is further secured by limiting the exposure of the contents in the chat session to third parties when the chat session is determined to contain confidential subject matter while enabling the first chat party and the second chat party to view the contents in the chat session.

Abstract: An incremental verification method includes eliminating verification constraints from a first netlist and using the resulting netlist to create a constraint-free composite netlist suitable for determining equivalence between the first netlist and a second netlist of a design. Eliminating a constraint from a netlist may include adding a modified constraint net where the modified constraint net is FALSE for all cycles after any cycle in which the original constraint is FALSE. The method may include, instead of eliminating constraints, determining that the verification result is a target-not-asserted result and that the second netlist constraints are a superset of the first netlist constraints or that the verification result is a target-asserted result and that the first netlist constraints are a superset of the second netlist constraints. In either case, the method may include creating the composite netlist by importing all of the original constraints into the composite netlist.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, system, and signal-bearing medium that, in an embodiment, determine an application server partition based on the context of a request from a client, and send the request to the application server partition if the application server partition exists. If the application server partition does not exist, the application server partition is created based on a creation rule, and the request is then sent to the application server partition if the request context is valid, as determined by a validation rule. Periodically, a remove rule is compared to a condition of the application server partition, and if the remove rule is met, the application server partition is removed. The condition may include, in various embodiments, the usage time and frequency of use of the application server partition or performance criteria. In an embodiment, the validation rule, the creation rule, and the remove rule may change over time.

Abstract: A method and system for reducing the variation in film thickness on a plurality of semiconductor wafers having multiple deposition paths in a semiconductor manufacturing process is disclosed. A film of a varying input thickness is applied to semiconductor wafers moving through various film deposition paths. The deposition path of each of the semiconductor wafers is recorded. A subset of semiconductor wafers is measured and an average film input thickness corresponding to each of the film deposition paths is calculated. If semiconductor wafer in the specific film deposition path does not have measurement data, by default it uses historical measurement data. The average film input thickness of the deposition path corresponding to a given semiconductor wafer is then used to modify the recipe of a process tool, such as a Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) Process Tool. An improved manufacturing process is achieved without the use of excess measurements.

Abstract: A method of printing multi-layer masks includes analyzing masking requirements of the photomask includes creating pairings of all masking layers requiring substantially similar processing, wherein the pairings include less critical sub-fields that are capable of printing on laser lithography tools, and more critical sub-fields that require e-beam for printing, coating the photomask with a photoresist, exposing the less critical sub-fields and non-critical mask patterns on a laser mask writer where a maximum image size and image placement control are not required, moving the photomask to an e-beam mask writing tool, exposing the more critical sub-fields and patterns that require a maximum image size and placement control with the e-beam mask writing tool, developing the photoresist to reveal latent images that are formed in the e-beam mask writing tool and laser mask writer, transferring pattern of the photoresist to an underlying masking layer using one of direct chemical attack or reactive-ion etching, and r

Abstract: A method of processing a client packet from a client in a NAT (Network Address Translation & Port Mapping) system including a NAT machine and a plurality of servers. The method includes preparing a response packet responsive to the client packet, performing, by one of the servers, a translation operation on the response packet to produce a translated response packet, and transmitting the translated response packet from the server to the client, thereby bypassing the NAT machine. All subsequent response packets in the current connection can be translated and transmitted from the server directly to the client.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention provides a alternative hypertext protocol to enable the selection of quick-to-download/reduced content from a website. In one embodiment, this alternative hypertext protocol uses the same structure as HTTP, but contains a unique predefined Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) scheme for easy designation by clients. On the web server, content is defined for HTTP connections and a quick-to-download version of this content is defined for alternative hypertext protocol connections. The HTTP content is made available on a first port on the web server, and the quick-to-download alternative hypertext protocol content is made available on a second port on the web server. To access the quick-to-download content, an internet connection is established to the second port of the web server using the alternative hypertext protocol. Once a connection is established to the second port, the web server transmits the quick-to-download content via the alternative hypertext protocol.

Abstract: The biometric system disclosed herein comprises device for providing a pattern; the device having a source of light and a source for providing a pattern. The source of light is operative to illuminate an object with light. An imaging device is disposed at a different location from the source of light to capture an image from the object. The system further comprises a pattern comparison device; the pattern comparison device being operative to compare details of the pattern disposed upon the object and details of a reference pattern; the pattern comparison device rejecting the object if the pattern disposed upon the object does not match the reference pattern.

Abstract: A system and method of providing resource management in association with extensible Java Server Pages are provided. The system and method provide an interface for defining alternative input source, resource path and compilers for generating JSP servlets for processing JSP requests. A JSP provider may define an extensible translation context that identifies whether default translation operations or extensible translation operations are to be performed. With regard to extensible translation operations, the provider may establish one or more of an extensible input source factory, an extensible resource factory and an extensible compiler factory. These factories provide a mechanism through which input source objects, resource objects, and compiler objects for alternative translation and compilation of the JSP servlet.

Abstract: A method, system and computer program product for controlling access to data files stored in a repository is disclosed. The method includes receiving a request for a data file from a requester. The request specifies a data format preference for receiving the data file. The requested data format is different than either of a data format used to create the data file and a data format in which the data file is stored at the time of the request. The method also includes determining if the requester is authorized to access the requested data file and translating the requested data file from a stored data format into the requested data format responsive to receiving the request if the stored format differs from the requested format. The method further includes making the translated data file accessible to the requester if it is determined that the requester is authorized.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure for use as a template for forming high-performance metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) devices is provided. More specifically, the present invention provides a structure that includes a SiGe-on-insulator substrate including a tensile-strained SiGe alloy layer located atop an insulating layer; and a strained Si layer atop the tensile-strained SiGe alloy layer. The present invention also provides a method of forming the tensile-strained SGOI substrate as well as the heterostructure described above. The method of the present invention decouples the preference for high strain in the strained Si layer and the Ge content in the underlying layer by providing a tensile-strained SiGe alloy layer directly atop on an insulating layer.

Abstract: A microprocessor simulation method, which is built upon the underlying hardware design of the microprocessor, stop normal functions of a simulation testcase, start the scan clocks, and record a first “snap shot” of the scan ring data at an initial time. The hardware logic then rotates (shifts) the scan ring using the current scan data, and when the scan clock stops (where the stop of the scan clock is controlled based on the number of latches on the scan ring), another “snap shot” of scan ring data is taken. The “snap shots” are compared and if both of the “snap shots” are identical the functional scan is successful. But if the functional scan verification fails to rotate the scan chain correctly, that is, if some of the latches do not match in the two “snap shots,” it becomes necessary to locate the broken spot within the large number of scan latches.

Abstract: A system and method for displaying instant messaging (IM) session history as time-based calendar events is presented. A messaging system logs chat sessions between users and stores them as “chat events.” When a user wishes to view previous chat sessions as time-based calendar events, the user sends a chat history request to an electronic calendar system. In turn, the electronic calendar system retrieves the chat events and formats the chat events, which are displayed on the electronic calendar for the user to view as time-based calendar events. Once displayed, the user is able to select one of the time-based calendar events in order to view the formatted chat event's details.

Abstract: A method of correlating a plurality of event logs surrounding abnormal program termination of a plurality of networked computers, includes continuously generating event records that includes operating system events, information technology (IT) infrastructure events and program application events, transmitting and storing the event records to a monitoring database, generating and transmitting an abnormal program termination event record when a computer experiences abnormal program termination to the monitoring database, and synchronizing the stored event records and the abnormal program termination event record of the computer based on receiving the abnormal program termination event record at the monitoring database, and with respect to the abnormal program termination event record.

Abstract: Weight based upselling, including receiving a purchase request for an item from a customer; determining a weight of the item; identifying, in dependence upon the weight of the item, a shipping weight range and a shipping cost for the item, where the shipping weight range includes a maximum shipping weight; calculating a difference between the weight of the item and the maximum shipping weight in the shipping weight range; selecting an upsell item in dependence upon the difference between the weight of the item and the maximum shipping weight in the shipping weight range; and offering the upsell item to the customer, including offering to ship both the item and the upsell item for only the identified shipping cost.

Abstract: A method, computer program product, and a data processing system for performing data replication in a multi-mastered system is provided. A first data processing system receives a replication command generated by a second data processing system. A conflict is identified between a first entry maintained by the first data processing system and a second entry of the second data processing system. Responsive to identifying the conflict, a one of the first entry and the second entry is determined to be a most recently modified entry and a remaining entry of the first and second entries is determined to be a least recently modified entry. The least recently modified entry is replaced with the most recently modified entry, and the least recently modified entry is logged.

Abstract: A remote control system for adjusting a volume level of a television is provided. The remote control system includes a handheld remote control device having a partial mute switch, a wireless signal transmitter, and a microprocessor. The microprocessor is operably coupled to the partial mute switch and to the wireless signal transmitter. The microprocessor is configured to induce the wireless signal transmitter to transmit a first wireless signal having an engage partial mute command to the television when the partial mute switch is depressed at a first time. The television is configured to receive the first wireless signal and to adjust the volume level of the television to a volume level in a range of 10-90% of a current volume level of the television in response to the engage partial mute command in the first wireless signal.

Abstract: A low paper sensor mechanism for a printer includes two paper supports. Each paper support includes a fixed roller rotatable about a fixed roller axis and a movable roller rotatable about a movable roller axis and pivotable about the fixed roller axis from a start position to an end position, the movable roller and fixed roller spaced a predetermined distance apart and capable of supporting a paper supply roll. A detection device includes a sensor having an emitting element and a detecting element disposed in a line of sight of the detecting element. The movable roller is translatable from the start position toward the end position as a diameter of the paper supply roll decreases to less than or equal to the predetermined distance thereby allowing the paper supply roll to fall between the fixed roller and the movable roller thereby restoring the line of sight.

Abstract: A self calibrating imaging display system (100). The imaging display system (100) can include a screen (110) having integrated photosensors (115). The photosensors can detect luminance values (155) correlating to luminance levels of the screen. The luminance values can be forwarded to a calibration module (130) which can receive the luminance values as an input and generate luminance correction factors (165). The luminance correction factors can be applied to adjust the luminance of the screen. Accordingly, images can be displayed on the screen with proper luminance levels.

Abstract: An apparatus, program product and method utilize heuristic clustering to generate assignments of circuit elements to clusters or groups to optimize a desired spatial locality metric. For example, circuit elements such as scan-enabled latches may be assigned to individual scan chains using heuristic clustering to optimize the layout of the scan chains in a scan architecture for a circuit design.

Abstract: An index for a retrieval of data provided is generated by at least one document is disclosed. Data is selected within the at least one document, assigning a category to the selected data, and assigning a timestamp to the selected data. The selected data, the category, the timestamp and a location indication of the selected data are stored as an entry of the index. The present invention therefore provides an effective and universally adaptive tool for contextual structuring and retrieval of data distributed over a plurality of electronic documents.

Abstract: A system, method and program product is provided for establishment of a referential interface between business entities such as manufacturers and distributors in a computerized marketplace. The interface allows commercial interaction between two potentially geographically and technologically disparate systems. The interface is established through definition and then deployment of a distributor profile document, interrelated with a set of referential interface terms and conditions and a referential interface business policy. The profile document has associated terms and conditions representing business rules and processes referring to the business policies which then have business logic implementations. The contract prescribes the business rules that will be followed between a manufacturer and a distributor with the business policies providing mapping to units of business logic in the implementation of the distributor.

Abstract: A method for implementing alignment of a semiconductor device structure includes forming first and second sets of alignment marks within a lower level of the structure, the second set of alignment marks adjacent the first set of alignment marks. An opaque layer is formed over the lower level, including the first and second sets of alignment marks. A portion of the opaque layer corresponding to the location of said first set of alignment marks is opened so as to render the first set optically visible while the second set of alignment marks initially remains covered by the opaque layer. The opaque layer is patterned using the optically visible first set of alignment marks, wherein the second set of alignment marks remain available for subsequent alignment operations in the event the first set becomes damaged during patterning of the opaque layer.

Abstract: A system is provided for remotely configuring automatic reply message settings. The system comprises an email server configured to receive email messages addressed to an email address allocated for a user. The email server is configurable to generate an automatic reply message in response to receiving email messages addressed to the email address, to examine each received email message addressed to the email address for one or more specified conditions, and to execute one or more specified actions configuring settings for the automatic reply message when the one or more specified conditions are met by a received email message addressed to the email address.

Abstract: A system (and method) includes a seating platform, at least one sensor for detecting a state of the seating platform connected to a first wireless communications device, the first wireless communications device for conveying information on the state of the seating platform, and a second wireless communications device for receiving information from the first wireless communications device, and a computing system. The second wireless communications device is for receiving the information carrying signal and is connected to the computing system. The computing system is for initiating an action based upon the information.