Abstract: A microelectrode system suitable for use in preparative and analytical chemistry having a laminated structure with one or more apertures. In one embodiment a microelectrode system (1) comprises alternating layers of conductor (3) and dielectric (or insulator) (4). The laminated structure (2) comprises two conductor layers (3) and two dielectric layers (4) formed on a base (5) of silicon or a polymeric material. The conducting layers (3) form electrodes in the microelectrodes system (1). The laminated structure has formed within it an aperture in the form of a well (6) being open at one end (7) and closed at the opposite end (8). In another embodiment, the apertures take the form of through holes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a biosensor comprising an electrode and a membrane in which the biosensor includes at least two zones each zone differing from each other zone in a property. The membrane includes a plurality of ionophores, at least a proportion of which are capable of lateral diffusion within the membrane. A plurality of first binding partner molecules are attached to membrane elements positioned within a first zone such that the first binding partner molecules are prevented from diffusing laterally into a second zone. Second binding partner molecules are attached to the ionophores and the rate of lateral diffusion within the membrane of the first binding partner molecules and second binding partner molecules is different.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus, including a biosensor for carrying out measurement of a specified component in a liquid sample using an enzymatic reaction, a computation processing part for obtaining the computed value by computing an output signal of the biosensor, and a container for storing a calibration liquid for calibrating the biosensor, equipped with temperature control means (a heater 40, a thermostat 41) for keeping the calibration liquid at a constant temperature, saves an installation space by miniaturizing an apparatus, suppresses the running cost, and improves the measurement precision.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell having an auxiliary area that contains a redox species on a working electrode. The auxiliary area provides a low resistance current path between the working electrode and a pseudo reference/counter electrode. The auxiliary area is an integral part of the working electrode and allows an enhanced current to flow. The enhanced current adds to the measurement signal. This reduces non-monotonic current decay, which can lead to erroneous analyte measurements.

Abstract: An immunochemical and molecular biologic endpoint reporter system in which reaction products, coupled to electrochemically active molecules susceptible to redox recycling or coupled to enzymes capable of proportional generation of said electrochemically active molecules, are detected and/or quantitated using amperiometry in conjunction with a silicon microchip possessing a closely spaced interdigitated array of nobel metal electrodes.

Abstract: An electrophoresis separation and detection apparatus for separating and detecting fluorophore-labeled samples by electrophoresis, which comprises a migrating and separating means for electrophoresis separation of the samples labeled with two or more kinds of fluorophore labels, respectively; an irradiating means which casts two or more kinds of exciting lights having different wavelengths on a plurality of positions in all the electrophoresis lanes or on the extensions of all the electrophoresis lanes substantially at the same time; and a detecting means which detects the samples separated by the electrophoresis, at the positions on which the exciting lights are casted, wherein each fluorophore label is composed of a substance for excitation which is excited by the exciting light and a substance for emission which emits light owing to energy transfer from the substance for excitation; two or more kinds of substances are used as each of the substance for excitation and the substance for emission; and the dete

Abstract: An array of electrodes at the atomic or nano scale (nanoelectrodes) is built on a chip. The spatial distribution, height, width and electrochemical composition of the nanoelectrodes is varied, such that protein-specific electronic receptors are built directly on the chip with the nanoelectrodes without the use of any specific binding agents or molecules. Because of their size, a very large number of different receptors can be built as arrays on a single chip. The chip can be used to detect, characterize and quantify single molecules in solution such as individual proteins, complex protein mixtures, DNA or other molecules.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of changing the electrode-based pumping parameters of a liquid, the method comprising (a) selecting a pumping additive based on the pumping pressure, pumping flow rate and electrical efficiency exhibited by the additive, and (b) mixing the pumping additive with the liquid to obtain a mixture having either (i) improved pumping pressure, pumping flow rate or electrical efficiency, or (ii) having a preference for pumping in a direction opposite that of the liquid, in the absence of pumping additive. In a particular embodiment, the invention provides a method of modifying a substantially non-pumping liquid to a liquid that can be pumped with an electrode-based pump.

Abstract: The microbial electrode is constructed having a substrate(3) made of an insulating material, an electric conductor(2) which is fixed on the substrate and a membrane containing microorganism cells(1) which is fixed on the conductor. The microbial sensor(20) is constructed having the microbial electrode above described and a conductor(11) to act as a counter electrode fixed on the insulating material of the surface of the substrate of the electrode which is opposite to the surface where the membrane containing microorganism cells is fixed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a stable and cost-effective biosensor. The biosensor includes an electrically insulating base plate, an electrode system that includes at least a working electrode and counter electrode formed on the base plate, a reaction layer containing at least an enzyme, an electron acceptor that is formed on, or in the vicinity of, the electrode system, and a divalent water-soluble metallic salt provided in, or in the vicinity of, the reaction layer.

Abstract: A method of determining the concentration of glycoproteins and glycosylated hemoglobin in whole blood and whole blood components by means of an amperometric biosensor and an amperometric biosensor for this determination are provided. In one embodiment, whole blood is introduced into a version of an amperometric sensor having a component that removes erythrocytes. Redox mediators are used to obtain a current flow based on the oxidation of fructosamine derivatives that can be correlated with the concentration of glycosylated proteins in the fraction of the blood from which erythrocytes have been excluded. To obtain the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin, whole blood is introduced into a version of the sensor which includes a component that produces lysis of the erythrocytes yielding a current flow proportional to the total quality of glycosylated proteins including glycosylated hemoglobin.

Abstract: A probe is conveniently positioned in a flowing aqueous medium. The probe is formed by two electrodes of notable difference in nobility connected by an electric resistance high enough to ensure that the voltage difference between its terminals is sufficiently great to permit accurate and simultaneous determinations of the growth of biofouling and the chlorine concentration by measuring the potential difference variations between the terminals.

Abstract: A dry analytical element is disclosed which can be used to sensitively and rapidly detect and quantitate protein. The assays are carried out using a dye that reacts with protein and molybdate ion to produce a measurable change in the spectral absorption of the dye. Also disclosed are polymers which stabilize and enhance the accuracy of the assay, and compounds which reduce interference by bicarbonate.

Abstract: An ozone generator includes a vessel provided at one end with a feed gas chamber for receiving a feed gas through an inlet and at the other end with an ozonized gas chamber, communicating with an outlet, for receiving an ozonized gas, a cylindrical tube ground electrode having a dielectric on an inner peripheral surface for communicating the feed gas chamber with ozonized gas chamber, a hollow cylindrical high voltage electrode having a predetermined discharge gap with respect to the dielectric and disposed concentrically with the cylindrical tube ground electrode, and a high frequency power source for applying a voltage between the ground electrode and the high voltage electrode. Cooling water is supplied to a water jacket surrounding the ground electrode and formed within the vessel and to the hollow cylindrical high voltage electrode to cool both electrodes.

Abstract: This invention pertains to methods of determining the presence and/or quantity of homocysteine in a sample containing other thiol-containing compounds. The methods of this invention involve modifying the homocysteine to facilitate the separation of homocysteine from cysteine. An assay protocol comprises adjusting the conditions of the sample suspected of containing homocysteine so that homocysteine forms homocysteine thiolactone, separating the homocysteine thiolactone from free thiol-containing compounds present in the sample, including cysteine, reconverting the homocysteine thiolactone to homocysteine, and determining the presence and/or quantity of homocysteine in the sample by conventional means.

Abstract: The present invention is an interface between a capillary electrophoresis separation capillary end and an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry emitter capillary end, for transporting an anolyte sample from a capillary electrophoresis separation capillary to a electrospray ionization mass spectrometry emitter capillary. The interface of the present invention has: (a) a charge transfer fitting enclosing both of the capillary electrophoresis capillary end and the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry emitter capillary end; (b) a reservoir containing an electrolyte surrounding the charge transfer fitting; and (c) an electrode immersed into the electrolyte, the electrode closing a capillary electrophoresis circuit and providing charge transfer across the charge transfer fitting while avoiding substantial bulk fluid transfer across the charge transfer fitting. Advantages of the present invention have been demonstrated as effective in providing high sensitivity and efficient analyses.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a novel apparatus and novel methods for the separation, characterization, and manipulation of matter. In particular, the invention combines the use of frequency-dependent dielectric and conductive properties of particulate matter and solubilized matter with the properties of the suspending and transporting medium to discriminate and separate such matter. The apparatus includes a chamber having at least one electrode element and at least one inlet and one output port into which cells are introduced and removed from the chamber. Matter carried through the chamber in a fluid stream is then displaced within the fluid by a dielectrophoretic (DEP) force caused by the energized electrode. Following displacement within the fluid, matter travels through the chamber at velocities according to the velocity profile of the chamber. After the matter has transitted through the chamber, it exists at the opposite end of the chamber at a characteristic position.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cassette with comb in place, useful for gel electrophoresis which is capable of being filled through a fluid conducting channel which communicates from the exterior of the top of the cassette assembly to the void (confined) volume of the cassette, for example, with the juncture between adjacent teeth of the comb; provides a comb useful for top filling of an electrophoresis cassette assembly and a method for top filling of an electrophoresis cassette assembly.

Abstract: The separation profile results of capillary zone electrophoresis can be analyzed very rapidly, e.g., in 45 seconds or less, if the results are analyzed using a successive subtracting procedure to establish the separation profile as a function of time and projecting this separation profile forward in time to quantitatively analyze the separate species in the profile. The projection step can be accomplished using an algorithm along with or without Fourier transform (FT) techniques and the quantitative analysis can be carried out using principle component regression analysis (PCA) or suitable calibration procedures.

Abstract: An electrohydrodynamic (EHD) receptor that incorporates microchannels and reservoir(s) for selectively dispensing fluid from the reservoir(s) to a specific location, e.g., onto the surface of the receptor.