Abstract: A cracking furnace within the firebox of which is located a ceramic structure presenting opposing wall surfaces which thereby define a slot-like passageway through which hydrocarbons may be fed through the firebox of the furnace. This ceramic structure is capable of service under much greater heat loads and temperatures than are metallic reaction lines as have heretofore been used, allowing for a greater firebox temperature which in turn produces an even more rapid cracking of saturated hydrocarbon into ethylene at millisecond residence times within the firebox limits.

Abstract: A sparger includes a conduit for conducting an oxygen feed, a nozzle connected to the conduit for passage of the oxygen feed from the conduit to the outside of the sparger, the nozzle including an orifice and a shroud, and insulation surrounding the conduit and also the shroud substantially the full length of the shroud. A method is provided for producing acrylonitrile via propane ammoxidation, comprising introducing propane and ammonia feeds into a fluid bed of a fluid bed reactor, and introducing an oxygen feed into the fluid bed through at least one insulated and jacketed sparger nozzle for reacting with at least one of the propane feed and ammonia feed in the presence of a fluid bed catalyst.

Abstract: A method of converting a plastic waste into oil by decomposing the plastic waste by a reaction using water in a supercritical or near supercritical region as a reaction medium. In this method, the reaction is conducted by using a tubular continuous reactor. The present invention further provides an apparatus therefor. Moreover, the present invention provides a method of converting a plastic waste into oil by conducting the reaction after hydrogen chloride is removed by performing the pyrolysis of the plastic waste in the case that the plastic waste contain chlorine. The present invention further provides an apparatus for performing this method.

Abstract: A fluid feed distributor improves particle and feed contacting by using a flow actuated plug to prevent back flow of fluidizable particles through a fluid feed outlet when fluid feed to a riser conduit ceases. The plug is located at or near the bottom of a riser contacting conduit where a back flow of particles can occur. The plug drops into the fluid feed outlet when fluid flow stops. The plug and a supporting stem will usually have an at least partially vertical orientation to provide the preferred gravity closure of the flow actuated plug. The plug arrangement can also provide improved feed distribution. Preferably the fluid actuated plug will act in conjunction with a fluid dispersion device. The dispersion device may be located upstream in a feed conduit that houses the plug and a fluid outlet at its downstream end. In addition, the fluid actuated plug can also serve to adjust the dispersion of feed fluid during operation of the unit.

Abstract: A detonation safety device having a flame-arresting device positioned in a housing. A pipe extends into the housing and proximate to the flame arresting device. In order to render a detonation front traveling in a pipe harmless, the detonation front is conveyed near the flame-arresting device. The flame-arresting device includes a diameter larger than the pipe and the detonation front such that the detonation front impinges only on a partial surface of the flame-arresting device. The detonation front is expanded in front of the arresting device so as to create a deflagration, which then impinges on the outer cross-section of the flame arresting device.

Abstract: A quench zone mixing apparatus is supported within a vessel of a reactor by a support structure that includes a concentric hub, which may be formed to act as a torsion tube, and at least a first set of radial beams extending radially outward from the hub and terminating at a support ring that is attached to the reactor vessel wall. In particular, the radial beams comprise a flange that supports the redistribution tray and a web of the beams preferably includes a plurality of openings to allow the passage of fluids across the vessel. In addition, the webs also carry the channels. The radial beams also support the mixing chamber and, in the area between the wall of the mixing chamber and the vessel wall, the radial beams may have a vertical height that slopes downward from the vessel wall to the mixing chamber wall.

Abstract: A panel-type filter employs a rectangular filter element having shifted pleats wherein the peaks of the pleats on the upstream and downstream sides of the filter medium alternate between high and low peaks. By so configuring the filter medium, turbulence is decreased at the upstream side of the filter which reduces restriction. The reduced restriction increases air flow to the engine which results in reduced fuel consumption and higher engine output power. Moreover, compression and turbulence is reduced at the downstream side of the filter resulting in flow past sensors to the engine which is more laminar, thus increasing the effectiveness of the sensors.

Abstract: A hydrolysis reactor for removal of urea, ammonia and carbon dioxide from a liquid phase comprising urea in aqueous solution advantageously comprises a dividing baffle extending horizontally at a preset height in the reactor in which it defines a first and a second respectively lower and upper reaction space, means of collection and extraction from the reactor of a first portion of a gaseous phase comprising high pressure and temperature steam, previously fed into the first reaction space and means for feeding a second portion of the gaseous phase comprising high pressure and temperature steam to the second reaction space.

Abstract: A carbon monoxide reducing device supplies oxygen to a reformate gas obtained through a reforming reaction so as to oxidize carbon monoxide contained in the reformate gas by means of the oxygen and thereby reduces a concentration of carbon monoxide contained in the reformate gas. This carbon monoxide reducing device is equipped with an oxygen supply amount controller designed to oxidize CO. The oxygen supply amount controller controls an amount of oxygen supplied to oxidize carbon monoxide contained in the reformate gas based on an amount of supply of fuel contributing to the reforming reaction. Thereby, the amount of oxygen for oxidizing carbon monoxide contained in the reformate gas is adjusted appropriately, and a high-quality reformate gas can be obtained.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is disclosed for generating a mixture of phosphine and diluent gas(es). A hydrolysable metal phosphide, preferably magnesium phosphide, is released directly into liquid water under an atmosphere of gas inert to phosphine and in a free-flowing particulate form, composed of loose metal phosphide particles. The generated mixture of phosphine and inert carrier gas, e.g. CO2, is used as such or is diluted into a gas mixing chamber with air to a concentration below the ignitability limit before being used in fumigation. Using argon as a carrier gas the phosphine mixture is suitable for semiconductor doping.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a reactive distillation process and system for the alkylation of liquid aromatic compounds with a liquid olefin or olefin/paraffin mixture. The aromatic compound may have from about 6 to about 30 carbons and the olefin may have from about 8 to 30 carbons. The system has a reactor configuration utilizing an alkylation catalyst, a reboiler with product takeoff, and a feed inlet above the catalyst bed. The system may also include a means for in-situ mixing of the aromatic compound and olefin or olefin/paraffin mixture, an overhead condenser and/or a water takeoff.

Abstract: A combined, integral steam generator coal gasifier includes a vertically elongated, all welded, gas tight enclosure with a burner zone having a double pitch sloping furnace floor and a slag tap extending therethrough. Successive zones located above the burner zone are provided with appropriate tube materials for conveying synthesis gas produced by the coal gasification process. A multi-pass convection pass zone having upflow and downflow passes is located at an upper portion of the enclosure and contains a plurality of superheater (primary and secondary) as well as economizer heating surfaces which extract heat from the synthesis gas to produce steam. An ash remover is connected to the outlet of the convection pass zone to remove ash from the synthesis gas exiting from the convection pass zone. The slag tap located at the bottom of the burner zone communicates with a slag tank or a drag chain deasher for receiving and removing slag from the burner zone.

Abstract: A compact and efficient fuel reformer which is operable to produce a hydrogen-enriched process fuel from a raw fuel such as natural gas, or the like includes a compact array of catalyst tubes which are contained in a heat-insulated housing. The catalyst tube array preferably includes a multitude of catalyst tubes that are arranged in a hexagonal array. The housing includes internal hexagonal thermal insulation so as to ensure even heating of the catalyst tubes. The diameter of the tubes is sized so that spacing between adjacent tubes in the array can be minimized for efficient heat transfer. The interior of each of the catalyst tubes includes a hollow dead-ended central tube which serves as a fines trap for collecting catalyst fines that may become entrained in the fuel stream. The catalyst tubes are also provided with an upper frusto-conical portion which serves to extend the catalyst bed and provide a catalyst reserve.

Abstract: An apparatus for separating and stripping a mixture of gas and particles comprises an envelope having separation chambers and circulation chambers distributed about a reactor, the upper portion of each separation chamber comprising an inlet opening communicating with the reactor and with a zone for rotating the mixture in a vertical plane. Each separation chamber comprises two lateral walls which are also walls for the circulation chamber, at least one of the walls of each chamber comprising a lateral outlet opening for mixing gas and particles into the adjacent circulation chamber. Each separation chamber also comprises an axial opening for particles to enter a stripping chamber, the envelope further comprises a conduit for evacuating a gas-particle mixture connected to at least one secondary separator and the stripping chamber communicating with the conduit via circulation chambers. Application of this apparatus is to fluidized bed catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons in a riser and/or dropper.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally an apparatus for uniformly mixing gaseous flows at different temperatures. In particular, a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a heterogeneous exothermic synthesis reactor including a plurality of superimposed catalytic beds wherein at least one of the beds is provided with a gas permeable wall for outlet of a hot gas flow. In this embodiment, a baffle extends below and parallel to the gas permeable wall, thereby defining an air space to collect the hot gas flow. An annular opening is provided for outlet of the hot gas flow from the air space defined between the baffle and a side wall supporting the beds associated with the reactor and a perforated distributor for cooling a gas flow supported below said baffle at a predetermined distance from the annular opening.

Abstract: In a process for urea production, substantially pure ammonia and carbon dioxide are reacted in a main reaction space from which outgoes a reaction mixture subjected to stripping to obtain a partially purified mixture sent to a urea recovery section. From this section, a dilute carbamate solution is obtained which is recycled to an auxiliary reaction space in which the residual carbamate is converted into urea. This process achieves high average conversion yield with reduced energy consumption.

Abstract: A process for the dual riser contacting of a primary feed and a secondary recycle feed fraction uses independent recovery of the separate streams from the riser cracking zone to improve the product yields and properties. Separate recovery segregates the upgraded recracked components from the rest of the primary cracked products. The benefits of selective of recracking are lost if the upgraded products from the recycle stream become recombined with the primary cracked product. The selectively recovered recycle feed may undergo hydroprocessing to hydrogenate, hydrocrack and/or hydrotreatment before recracking. The process can also make highly efficient use of the high residual activity in the catalyst that has contacted the secondary feed.

Abstract: A process gas selective oxidizer assemblage for use in a fuel cell power plant includes one or more catalyzed selective oxidizer process gas flow fields and one or more adjacent non-catalyzed heat exchanger process gas flow fields. The catalyzed selective oxidizer process gas flow fields may be formed with catalyzed pellets or with a monolithic catalyzed open cell foam component. The heat exchanger process gas flow fields are formed by non-catalyzed monolithic open cell foam components which have coolant fluid passages disposed therein. Planar metal sheets form a common wall between the selective oxidizer process gas flow fields and the heat exchanger process gas flow fields. The use of the open cell foam to form the heat exchanger process gas flow fields provides enhanced heat transfer between the reformate gas and the coolant fluid.

Abstract: A simulated moving bed flushing apparatus and its use are described. The adsorber comprises a plurality of beds (10, 11) of adsorbent, each bed being connected to a distribution means (5) comprising two fluid distribution lines (2,1,) the first distribution line (2) of each distribution means being connected to at least one inlet (7) for feed and to at least one raffmate outlet (8), the other line 1 being connected to at least one solvent inlet (3) and to at least one extract outlet (4), each inlet and outlet comprising an on-off valve (7a, 8a, 3a, 4a), the first distribution line (2) comprising a flushing valve (9), and all of the flushing valves (9) relating to all of the distribution lines (2) are connected to means (100, 102) for circulating a fluid to be displaced. FIG. 1 to be published.

Abstract: The inventive apparatus is comprised of a means for producing cavitation in a complex reaction mixture to enhance the yield of the selected reaction product, a means for controlling the temperature of the complex reaction mixture, especially during cavitation, and a means for affecting magnetic separation of paramagnetic beads to which the selected reaction product is attached from the complex reaction mixture. In one embodiment, the compound(s) or molecule(s) is synthesized in situ, and isolated using the inventive apparatus. The apparatus finds use in the fields of solid phase organic synthesis, and for isolation and purification of a selected compound(s) or molecule (s), especially where automation is desired.