Abstract: The present disclosure describes an apparatus of measuring light scattering of a sample. In an embodiment, the apparatus includes (1) at least one display logically coupled to an enclosure housing a light scattering measurement instrument, where the at least one display is configured to allow for operating the instrument to acquire light scattering data from the sample and for accessing the data, (2) an indicator connected to an outside surface of the enclosure, where the indicator is configured to indicate at least one status of the instrument, (3) a sample chamber configured to accommodate at least one sample cell, where each of the at least one sample cell has a unique size and a unique shape, and (4) and a sample door connected to the enclosure, where the sample door is configured to seal the sample chamber, thereby providing thermal insulation to the sample chamber.

Abstract: An encoder includes scale and detection head. The detection head includes light source (transmitting unit) and light-receiving unit (receiving unit). The light-receiving unit includes light-receiving surface (receiving surface) and converts light received at the light-receiving surface 50 into differential detection signals with two phases and outputs the same. The light-receiving surface includes element array group including four element arrays provided in a parallel manner along an orthogonal direction, with each element array including a plurality of light-receiving elements (receiving elements). The plurality of element arrays in the element array group are disposed at positions where the sum of: (i) a distance in the orthogonal direction from a reference position to a positive phase signal element array; and (ii) a distance in the orthogonal direction from the reference position to the negative phase signal element array, is the same for all the phases of the at least two phases.