Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the dehydration of at least one oxygenated compound, preferably selected from saturated alcohols, unsaturated alcohols, diols, ethers, in the presence of at least one dehydration catalyst selected from cerium oxide (CeO2), aluminium oxide (?-Al2O3), aluminium silicate, silica-aluminas (SiO2—Al2O3), aluminas, zeolites, sulfonated resins, ion-exchange resins, metal oxides (for example, lanthanum oxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten oxide, thallium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide); of at least one basic agent selected from ammonia (NH3), or from inorganic or organic compounds containing nitrogen capable of developing ammonia (NH3) during said dehydration process; and, optionally, of silica (SiO2), or of at least one catalyst for the dissociation of ammonia (NH3) selected from catalysts comprising silica (SiO2), preferably of silica (SiO2).

Abstract: An alkylation process is described. The alkylation process includes contacting a feed comprising a paraffin or an aromatic with an olefin feed in the presence of a liquid Lewis acid catalyst in an alkylation reaction zone under alkylation conditions to form a reaction mixture comprising alkylation products and the liquid Lewis acid catalyst. The liquid Lewis acid catalyst is the liquid reaction product of a donor molecule and a metal halide. The alkylation products are separated from the liquid Lewis acid catalyst and recovered.

Abstract: A process for selectively producing 1-butene comprises combining at least one antifouling agent and at least one aluminum alkyl compound to form an antifouling feed stream, wherein bringing the antifouling agent into contact with the aluminum alkyl compound forms at least one antifouling agent co-catalyst in a first step. The antifouling agent co-catalyst may comprise a structure comprising a central aluminum molecule bound to an R1 group, an R2 group, and an R3 group. The process further comprises feeding the antifouling feed stream, a catalyst comprising at least one titanate compound, and ethylene into a reactor dimerize ethylene in a second step. The catalyst is fed as a stream separated from the antifouling feed stream. The feeds may be varied in real-time to adjust a ratio of the formed antifouling agent co-catalyst and residual aluminum alkyl compound or antifouling agent in the antifouling feed stream.

Abstract: Systems and processes are disclosed for producing petrochemical products, such as ethylene, propene and other olefins from crude oil in high severity fluid catalytic cracking (HSFCC) units. Processes include separating a crude oil into a light fraction and a heavy fraction, cracking the light fraction and heavy fraction in separation cracking reaction zones, and regenerating the cracking catalysts in a two-zone regenerator having a first regeneration zone for the first catalyst (heavy fraction) and a second regeneration zone for the second catalyst (light fraction) separate from the first regeneration zone. Flue gas from the first catalyst regeneration zone is passed to the second regeneration zone to provide additional heat to raise the temperature of the second catalyst of the light fraction side. The disclosed systems and processes enable different catalysts and operating conditions to be utilized for the light fraction and the heavy fraction of a crude oil feed.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for making aromatics are described. The process includes reforming a naphtha stream in a reforming zone to form a reformer effluent comprising aromatic compounds and non-aromatic compounds, wherein at least a portion of the aromatic compounds contain alkyl groups. The reformer effluent is heated and passed directly to an acid cracking reaction zone. The non-aromatic compounds are selectively cracked and at least a portion of the alkyl groups on the aromatic compounds are selectively dealkylated in the presence of an acid cracking catalyst to form a cracked reformer effluent comprising the aromatic compounds and cracked olefins.

Abstract: Processes and apparatuses for producing a C8 aromatic isomer product are provided. The process comprises introducing a reformate stream comprising aromatic hydrocarbons to a reformate splitter column to provide a plurality of streams. One or more streams comprising at least one stream from the plurality of streams is passed to a reformate upgrading unit to obtain an upgraded reformate stream. The upgraded reformate stream is passed to an aromatics stripper column to provide an aromatics stripper sidedraw stream comprising C8 aromatic hydrocarbons. The aromatics stripper sidedraw stream is passed to a xylene separation unit to provide the C8 aromatic isomer product and a raffinate product stream. At least a portion of the raffinate product stream is processed in a liquid phase isomerization unit to obtain an isomerized stream.

Abstract: A process for hydrodealkylating a hydrocarbon stream comprising (a) contacting the hydrocarbon stream with a hydroprocessing catalyst in a hydroprocessing reactor in the presence of hydrogen to yield a hydrocarbon product, wherein the hydrocarbon stream contains C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons; and (b) recovering a treated hydrocarbon stream from the hydrocarbon product, wherein the treated hydrocarbon stream comprises C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons, wherein an amount of C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons in the treated hydrocarbon stream is less than an amount of C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon stream due to hydrodealkylating of at least a portion of C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon stream during the step (a) of contacting.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for the isomerization of paraffinic feedstocks operating at a temperature of between 200° C. and 500° C., at a total pressure of between 0.45 MPa and 7 MPa, at a hydrogen partial pressure of between 0.3 and 5.5 MPa, at an hourly space velocity of between 0.1 and 10 kilograms of feedstock introduced per kilogram of catalyst and per hour and using a catalyst comprising at least one metal of group VIII of the periodic table of elements, at least one matrix and at least one zeolite IZM-2, in which the ratio between the number of moles of silicon and the number of moles of aluminium of the zeolite IZM-2 network is between 25 and 55, preferably between 25 and 50, and preferably between 30 and 50.

Abstract: A process is provided including subjecting a raw C5 stream containing C5 diolefins to extractive distillation to form C5 diolefins and a raffinate stream. The process includes subjecting the raffinate stream to dehydrogenation to form additional C5 diolefins, which are recycled to the extractive distillation. Another process includes modifying a C5 diolefin extractive distillation unit by forming a recycle loop with a C5 olefin dehydrogenation reactor. A system is provided that includes a C5 diolefin extractive distillation unit and a C5 olefin dehydrogenation reactor that are arranged in a recycle loop. A process is provided that includes subjecting a raffinate stream containing C5 olefins from an extractive distillation unit to dehydrogenation to form C5 diolefins.

Abstract: An apparatus and a process for providing a green diesel with improved flow properties. A renewable feed comprising an oil is deoxygenated to provide an effluent. The effluent may be isomerized to improve the qualities of the effluent for use as a diesel fuel. Additionally, the effluent may be filtered to increase the fuel flow properties. As filtration zone can be used, which includes a filter and which may be flushed with a portion of the feed stream to the filtration zone or a portion of filtration zone effluent. The wash stream may be heated.

Abstract: A process for dechlorination of a hydrocarbon stream and/or a hydrocarbon stream precursor comprising introducing the hydrocarbon stream and/or hydrocarbon stream precursor, a first zeolitic catalyst, and a stripping gas to a devolatilization extruder (DE) to produce an extruder effluent, wherein the hydrocarbon stream and/or hydrocarbon stream precursor comprises one or more chloride compounds in an amount of equal to or greater than about 10 ppm chloride, based on the total weight of the hydrocarbon stream and/or hydrocarbon stream precursor, and wherein the extruder effluent comprises one or more chloride compounds in an amount of less than the chloride amount in the hydrocarbon stream and/or hydrocarbon stream precursor.

Abstract: A process reducing sulfides R1-S-R2, with R1 and R2 methyl or ethyl, in a gasoline containing diolefins, mono-olefins and sulphur: A) contacting gasoline in mixture with a light gasoline cut recycled from C) and hydrogen in a reactor with catalyst A at least one VIb metal and at least one non noble group VIII metal on a support, producing effluent having diolefins and sulfides R1-S-R2, with R1 and R2 methyl or ethyl radicals lower than that that of the starting gasoline; B) the effluent from A) is sent into a fractionating column separating at the top a light gasoline cut containing hydrocarbons having less than 6 carbon atoms per molecule and at the bottom a heavy gasoline cut containing hydrocarbons having 6 and more than 6 carbon atoms per molecule; C) recycling a part of the light gasoline from B) to the reactor of A) with a recycle ratio 0.1 to 0.7.

Abstract: A process to convert paraffinic feedstocks into renewable poly-alpha-olefins (PAO) basestocks. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, renewable feed comprising triglycerides and/or free fatty acids are hydrotreated producing an intermediate paraffin feedstock. This paraffin feedstock is thermally cracked into a mixture of olefins and paraffins comprising linear alpha olefins. The olefins are separated and the un-reacted paraffins are recycled to the thermal cracker. Light olefins preferably are oligomerized with a surface deactivated zeolite producing a mixture of slightly branched oligomers comprising internal olefins. The heavier olefins (C8-C14) are oligomerized, preferably with a BF3 catalyst and co-catalyst to produce PAO products. The oligomerized products can be hydrotreated and distilled together or separate to produce finished products that include naphtha, distillate, solvents, drilling fluid, and PAO lube basestocks.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of styrene or substituted styrenes comprising the steps of: (a) subjecting a feed containing 1-phenyl ethanol or substituted 1-phenyl ethanol to a dehydration treatment in the presence of a suitable dehydration catalyst; (b) subjecting the resulting product mixture to a separation treatment, thus obtaining a stream containing water and styrene or substituted styrene and a residual fraction containing heavy ends; (c) treating the stream containing water and styrene or substituted styrene with a base; (d) separating the treated stream of step (c) into a styrene or substituted styrene-rich product stream and a styrene or substituted styrene-lean waste water stream; (e) treating the styrene or substituted styrene-lean waste water stream with steam in a stripping column, thus obtaining a treated waste water stream and a treated stream comprising steam and styrene or substituted styrene.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to methods for producing renewable detergent compounds. More specifically, the invention relates to methods for producing detergent intermediates, including bio-linear alkylbenzene (LAB), bio-alcohols, and long chain bio-paraffins, from natural oils.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for producing para-xylene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a feedstock comprising toluene with a first catalyst under effective vapor phase toluene disproportionation conditions to disproportionate said toluene and produce a first product comprising benzene, unreacted toluene and greater than equilibrium amounts of para-xylene; and (b) contacting a feedstock comprising C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene with a second catalyst in the presence of 0 wt. % or more of hydrogen having a 0 to 10 hydrogen/hydrocarbon molar ratio under effective C9+ transalkylation conditions to transalkylate said C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons and produce a second product comprising xylenes.

Abstract: A process for producing benzene comprising the steps of: (a) separating a source feedstream comprising C5-C12 hydrocarbons including benzene and alkylbenzenes into a first feedstream comprising a higher proportion of benzene than the source feedstream and a second feedstream comprising a lower proportion of benzene than the source feedstream and subsequently, (b) contacting the first feedstream in the presence of hydrogen with a first hydrocracking catalyst, and (c) contacting the second feedstream with hydrogen under second process conditions to produce a second product stream comprising benzene, wherein i) the second process conditions are suitable for hydrocracking and step (c) involves contacting the second feedstream in the presence of hydrogen with a second hydrocracking catalyst, ii) the second process conditions are suitable for toluene disproportionation and involve contacting the second feedstream with a toluene disproportionation catalyst or iii) the second process conditions are suitable for

Abstract: Disclosed is a transalkylation process for making an aromatic material between a light aromatic material and a heavier aromatic material in the presence of hydrogen and a transalkylation catalyst comprising a hydrogenation component and a transalkylation component. The process comprises conducting the transalkylation reaction under conditions conducive to reducing the amount of cyclic compounds in the transalkylation reaction mixture in the beginning phase of the operation that is different from the conditions after the beginning phase. The invention is useful, e.g., in transalkylation between toluene and C9+ aromatic feed materials to produce xylenes and/or benzene.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention are associated with the discovery of approaches for the conversion of sour natural gas streams, by conversion to liquid hydrocarbons. Particular processes and their associated apparatuses advantageously combine (i) dehydroaromatization (DHA) of methane in a gaseous feedstock, to produce aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, with (ii) the reaction of H2S and methane in this feedstock, to produce organic sulfur compounds such as carbon disulfide (CS2) and thiophene (C4H4S). A gaseous product having a reduced concentration of H2S is thereby generated. The aromatic hydrocarbons and organic sulfur compounds may be recovered in a liquid product. Both the gaseous and liquid products may be easily amenable to further upgrading. Other advantages of the disclosed processes and apparatuses reside in their simplicity, whereby the associated streams, including a potential gaseous recycle, generally avoid high partial pressures of H2S.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing benzene from a mixed hydrocarbon feedstream comprising subjecting C6 cut separated from said mixed hydrocarbon feedstream to aromatization to provide a benzene-rich aromatic stream and recovering the benzene from the benzene-rich aromatic stream.