Abstract: A process cartridge or an electrophotographic apparatus includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a charging member for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member by application of a voltage, the charging member being in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an aluminum substrate and a photosensitive layer provided thereon. The outermost surface of the substrate contains aluminum, oxygen, and at least one of titanium and zirconium.

Abstract: An alarm propagation model of a transmission line is expressed by an equation. A fault portion on the transmission line is estimated by using the alarm propagation model. As a result, it is possible to estimate the fault portion by minimum observation time without lack of precision.

Abstract: A roller assembly used for printing is loaded into a printing apparatus by supporting the roller assembly in a loading tool having a first carriage with top and bottom rows of rollers, the rollers engaging rails on the roller assembly and the first carriage being oriented with a second carriage within the apparatus. The second carriage also has top and bottom rows of rollers oriented similarly with the rollers of the first carriage. The roller assembly is moved into the carriage so that rails of the roller assembly are engaged by the rollers of the carriage in the printer apparatus.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus is disclosed with a cleaner assembly for removing toner remaining on the surface of the image bearing body that includes a rotating paddle for conveying toner to a collector. The image forming apparatus includes a developer for developing a static latent image on an image bearing body using toner, a transfer unit for transferring a developed image on a transfer member, a cleaner assembly in sliding contact with the surface of the image bearing body, a rotating paddle having a toner-conveying face, and a toner scraping sheet in contact with the rotating paddle conveying face. The tips of the rotating paddle may be angled to reduce friction and wear.