Abstract: Method and apparatus for isotope separation by selective ionization of a desired isotope in an environment of plural isotopes without corresponding ionization of the other isotopes in the environment. The selective ionization is achieved through a three step excitation of atoms of the desired isotope in response to laser radiations applied to the environment. The transition for each step is selected to be less than one half the ionization potential for the isotopes to avoid two step nonselective ionization.

Abstract: A system for producing isotopically selective excitation of particles of a predetermined isotope type in a mixture of isotopes from plural low-lying energy levels to respective, plural excited energy levels. Ionization and separate collection of particles of the predetermined isotope type are then achieved through further excitations through a single, further excited energy state. Decay losses from the second excited energy states are reduced due to distribution of the excited particles among several states and resulting lower cross-sections for self-lasing decay.

Abstract: The measurement of a dc current from ions produced in a surface ionization detector for particulates in combination with simultaneous particulate counting to differentiate between particulates above or below a predetermined size and total particulates present thus determining whether a given aerosol consists primarily of large particulates or very small particulates and providing general information about the particle size in an aerosol. The dc current measurement further provides surface ionization detection of particulates at densities which overload circuitry for pulse counting, whereby the dynamic range of the instrument is extended.

Abstract: A high current ion beam is extracted from an ion plasma by a low perveance ion optical system including a screen electrode, a final electrode and an intermediate electrode therebetween which is shaped to correspond to the extraction voltage equipotentials therebetween. By controlling the voltage of the intermediate electrode with respect to the other two electrodes focusing is accomplished.

Abstract: The element "lithium" has strong absorption lines near 6707.84 A and 3232.61 A and possesses specific isotope shifts at the respective absorption lines. With the aid of a laser capable of controlling the oscillation spectral width accurately to 0.01 A, the isotopes of this element are separated from each other by irradiating lithium atomic beam with a laser beam tuned to the absorption line of either of the isotopes, .sup.6 Li and .sup.7 Li, for thereby selectively exciting the isotope, ionizing the excited isotope along by irradiation with a laser beam having one photon energy enough to pump it from the excited state to the ionized state and separating the ionized isotope from the un-ionized isotope by means of a mass-filter.

Abstract: Cast resins strengthened with carbonic fibrous material are used as the material for making parts which transmit X-rays and at the same time are subject to mechanical stresses.

Abstract: The apparatus is provided with a screening chamber filled with a radiation-screening liquid above the irradiation chamber in which a tubular radiation source carrier is mounted. The screening chamber is sealed off from the irradiation chamber while orifices are formed in the support member of the carrier to permit loading and unloading of the carrier with the radiation sources. These sources may be stored in a pit adjacent the irradiation chamber and submerged in the screening liquid.

Abstract: A bearing support for receiving used fuel elements of nuclear power stations includes a plurality of chambers which have square cross-sections and each include inner and outer spaced apart walls with screening plates therebetween for screening the radiating fuel elements. Each chamber is detachably secured at its underside to a common foot plate and is held in position at its upper side by spacer elements. The outer wall comprises two equal-sided angle sheets and the inner wall comprises a closed square tube. The thickness of the outer wall is smaller than that of the inner wall and the outer walls are held in spaced relationship to each other at their upper sides by detachable bar grates.

Abstract: A storage rack in which a plurality of tubular shrouds are assembled together in a checkerboard arrangement, each shroud having side walls arranged to absorb sub-atomic particles such as neutrons. With this arrangement, spent atomic fuel rods may be assembled in the shrouds and also in the spaces which are surrounded by shrouds, so that each adjacent grouping of fuel rods has interposed therebetween an emission absorbing wall.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for applying radiation by producing X-rays of a selected spectrum and intensity and directing them to a desired location. Radiant energy is directed from a laser onto a target to produce such X-rays at the target, which is so positioned adjacent to the desired location as to emit the X-rays toward the desired location; or such X-rays are produced in a region away from the desired location, and are channeled to the desired location.The radiant energy directing means may be shaped (as with bends; adjustable, if desired) to circumvent any obstruction between the laser and the target. Similarly, the X-ray channeling means may be shaped (as with fixed or adjustable bends) to circumvent any obstruction between the region where the X-rays are produced and the desired location.For producing a radiograph in a living organism the X-rays are provided in a short pulse to avoid any blurring of the radiograph from movement of or in the organism.

Abstract: Gases or gas mixtures are analyzed by a device and process involving laser-induced vibrational excitation of the gases or mixtures, followed by mass spectrometry. A sample of the gas is subjected to radiation, preferably infrared radiation, from a tunable laser, so as to casue vibrational-excitation of the sample by absorption of the radiation. The sample so treated is then subjected to mass spectrometry, which detects changes in the vibrational-excitation of the sample. Detection of such changes indicates infrared absorption by the sample at the wavelength at which the tunable laser is set. The wavelength of infrared absorption so determined is a characterizing property of the sample.

Abstract: A cyclotron suitable for use in neutron therapy, and comprising a pair of opposed, spaced pole shoes having their adjacent inner surfaces defining an accelerator zone, an electromagnetic coil system, at least one hollow accelerating dee electrode positioned in the accelerator zone, and having a radio-frequency resonator associated therewith, a magnet yoke shaped to substantially enclose the accelerator zone and constitute a neutron attenuation shield for neutrons produced in the cyclotron, a vacuum chamber enclosing the accelerator zone and each dee electrode, means for providing charged particles for acceleration within the accelerator zone, a target zone for a target device, and a neutron beam outlet in the magnet yoke for emission of a neutron beam produced in the cyclotron. The cyclotron includes auxiliary neutron shield means in the forward peak zone of a neutron beam produced in the cyclotron to attenuate neutron and gamma radiation in the forward peak zone to a patient tolerable level.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new and improved tomographic visualization apparatus and method. The apparatus includes a camera with a stationary collimator of a radiation dense material with channels therein for collecting radiation from a body which passes through the channels in the collimator. The radiation is thereafter detected and the signal information is processed so as to provide images of selected depths within the body. The stationary collimator includes a plurality of matching sections wherein, the center lines of the holes or channels in each sector are parallel to each other and the angular position of their center lines are at a sloping angle in relation to the surface plane of the scintillation crystal of the camera. The center lines of the channels in one sector are not parallel to the center lines of those of any other sector but slope toward the common plane of intersection along the camera axis to provide matching tomographic collimator sections.

Abstract: An improvement in carrying heat away from the drum in a thermographic duplication apparatus. The drum is formed of two concentric shells, the outer being only a segment of a cylinder.

Abstract: A gamma camera has a plurality of exchangeable collimators, one of which is replaceably mounted in the ray inlet opening of the camera, while the others are placed on separate supports. The invention is particularly characterized in that the supports are swingably mounted upon a column one above the other.In the illustrated embodiment, the camera is swingable through about 90.degree. to a collimator exchange position, and each of the separate supports is swingable to a vertically aligned position, with resilient limiting of the swinging movement and resilient positioning of the support at the desired exchange position. Further, the collimators are carried on the supports by means of a series of vertically disposed coil springs, projections on the camera being relatively movable from above into grooves of the collimator at the exchange position, whereupon the collimator is so turned that it is securely prevented from falling out of the camera head.

Abstract: Apparatus for analyzing the energies of charged particles having an analyzer, a detector and an electrode system. The analyzer generates an electric or magnetic field through which the particles pass, there being an outlet aperture through which the charged particles exit as a beam. The detector is arranged in the path of the beam leaving the analyzer field through the outlet aperture, and the electrode system is arranged between the analyzer and the detector and serves to adjust the cross-section of the particle beam.

Abstract: Electric fields for electrostatic optics for focusing or otherwise controlling beams of ions, electrons and charged particles in general produced by surface current distributions which flow on appropriately shaped and located resistive elements from electrical power sources of appropriate voltage connected to two or more points or regions of the resistive surfaces; the resulting electric fields in the proximity of the current carrying surfaces are parallel to these surfaces. Useful electric field configurations may be produced which are inconvenient or impossible to produce by the prior art using surface charge distributions. New and improved analyzers of "concentric hemisphere" and "parallel plate" types are specifically utilized for ion kinetic energy selection prior to measurement of the mass-to-charge ratio of secondary ions produced by primary ion bombardment of surfaces.

Abstract: Various optical devices for use with circular-scanning techniques in computed transaxial tomography are disclosed. In essence such devices produce a rotating dipole field so as simultaneously to provide a circular scan and to focus the charged particle beam on the circular target.

Abstract: A source of a tubular beam of ions comprising a cylindrical shell with one butt end having an axial hole in it and the other butt end solid. It is provided with a rod having one end fixed to the solid butt end of the cylindrical shell and arranged coaxially to the latter. The free end of the rod carries a disc placed in the axial hole of the butt end of the cylindrical shell so as to obtain a circular gap confined by the side wall of the hole. A hollow annular shell is arranged coaxially within the cylindrical shell so that a circular gap made in the butt end of the annular shell faces the circular gap in the butt end of the cylindrical shell. An annular cathode and an anode are arranged coaxially inside the annular shell. A thermoelectronic cathode is placed outside the cylindrical shell near to its butt end with the circular gap. An electromagnet coil is arranged coaxially inside the cylindrical shell. A device for ion acceleration is placed on the path of emission of the ions.

Abstract: In a method generating correlative data from various products of thermal degradation of biological specimens and comprising sequential steps for each specimen of degrading such specimen by heating such specimen so as to cause various products of thermal degradation of such specimen to be evolved, ionizing the products of thermal degradation of such specimen by a technique causing negligible fragmentation, detecting ion currents for such specimen, and recording such detected ion currents, an improvement is attained wherein each specimen is heated in an identical non-isothermal time-dependent heating sequence, wherein a three-dimensional array comprising a large and sufficient number of ion currents, which correspond to substantially all detectible ratios of mass-to-charge within a range at a large and sufficient number of successive instants during the respective heating sequences, are detected and recorded for each specimen, and representative data from the three-dimensional array thus recorded for each one o