Abstract: A method is provided for electrodepositing a layer of copper on a plastic substrate which method comprises: positioning the plastic substrate on a supporting member, with the supporting member being in contact at a plurality of spaced apart points with the substrate for the passage of electrical current therebetween; electrolessly depositing a thin layer of metal selected from the group consisting of copper, nickel, cobalt and mixtures thereof on a surface of the plastic substrate; positioning the supported substrate in an electroplating bath including from about 10.0 to about 45.0 g/l of copper ions, at least one acid selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, fluoroboric acid and sulfamic acid, with the acid being present in an amount sufficient to cause the electroplating bath to have a conductivity ranging from about 0.40 to about 0.

Abstract: A medium for electrophoresis which is substantially free from smiling effect or is reduced in the smiling effect, in which both side portions along the direction of electrophoresis are made thicker than the center portion. A support preferably employed for the preparation of the medium is also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for electrophoresis employing a medium wherein the potential gradient along the direction of electrophoresis is made larger at both side portions of the medium than at the center portion thereof. A medium for employable for said process in that the length of the both side portions along the direction of electrophoresis is made shorter than that of the center portion is disclosed. Also disclosed is a support for the medium.

Abstract: Salts of multivalent cations in aqueous solution, with or without admixture with salts of monovalent cations, are converted into the respective acids or halogens of the anions of the salts and into water insoluble salts or ionically immobile compounds of the multivalent cations. The conversion is effected by electrodialysis and electrotransport of the multivalent cations through a cation permeable membrane into aqueous solutions containing both agents that insolubilize or ionically immobilize the multivalent cations and a soluble salt of an acid, which acid in a one normal solution would have a pH no greater than three and forms water soluble salt with the multivalent cation. The use of the added salt in the solution into which the multivalent cations are electrotransported minimizes fouling of the membrane and makes the electrodialytic conversion efficient and with high capacity.

Abstract: A process employing two- and three-compartment electrodialytic water splitting for conversion of basic sodium material such as dry-mined or subterranean deposits of trona or nahcolite into a liquid comprising aqueous sodium base such as NaOH and/or Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3. The basic sodium material is contacted with a liquid comprising aqueous hydrogen ions for a time sufficient to produce a liquid comprising aqueous sodium ions. A liquid comprising water is introduced into each base compartment and the liquid comprising aqueous sodium ions is introduced into each remaining compartment of a two- or three-compartment water splitter. Direct current is passed through said water splitter to produce, a liquid comprising an aqueous sodium base in the base compartment and a liquid comprising aqueous hydrogen ions in an acid compartment of said water splitter. At least a portion of the liquid comprising aqueous hydrogen ions is used in the initial contacting step.

Abstract: An apparatus for efficiently recovering from gel fractionated sample in a short period of time comprises a rotatable vessel which is provided in a tank to be applied with electricity and which is made of dialysis membrane on its side and a reticulate support plate which is fixed inside the vessel independently of and not contacting the vessel. As the vessel is rotated with solvent solution being charged in the tank and the vessel and gel being charged in the reticulate support plate, direct current is passed between the positive and the negative electrodes provided on both sides of the tank. The direction of the current is thereby reversed at every 180.degree. of rotation of the vessel, such that the fractionated sample eluted into the solvent solution by electrophoresis is forced to remain inside the vessel for efficient recovery thereof.

Abstract: Cells, particularly lymphocytes in peripheral blood or lymphatic tissues such as thymus, spleen and lymph node, are examined by measuring an electrophoretic property, such as a fraction of the number of the cells having an electrophoretic mobility within a predetermined range to the total number of the cells to be examined, with the aid of an automatic electrophoretic apparatus which is operated in a medium of the physiological conditions and by reversing the electric field, and comparing the obtained pattern of the electrophoretic property of the cells to be examined with the pattern of the electrophoretic property of normal host-cells, in order to diagnose cancer.

Abstract: A novel hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of copper, and optionally iron, from sulfide copper concentrates containing common copper sulfides such as chalcopyrite, bornite and chalcocite using electrowinning cells wherein the anolyte and the catholyte are separated by a solution-impermeable cation exchange membrane.

Abstract: An electrodeionization apparatus and process are provided for removing ions from liquids. Liquid to be purified is passed through depleting compartments containing mixed anion and cation exchange resin beads while a second liquid is passed through concentrating compartments free of ion exchange resin beads. Ions, under influence of a D.C. potential, pass from the depleting compartments into the concentrating compartments through ion permeable membranes. The beads in the depleting compartments are housed within subcompartments of controlled width and thickness and are retained therein by the ion permeable membranes which are secured to the walls of the subcompartments.

Abstract: A method in which an electrical field is applied through a gel to cause migration of elemental particles through the gel to an end region thereof and a belt having a collecting surface is advanced on the gel to collect the elemental particles and transport them with the belt.

Abstract: Apparatus for performing electrophoresis in an electrical field in which molecules or charged particles are moved through a porous substance such as a gel and a collecting tape is transported in contact with the gel to collect charged particles passing through the gel.

Abstract: An electrodialytic water splitting process for recovering SO.sub.2 -containing gases for converting the spent materials used in alkaline sodium scrubbing of SO.sub.2 -containing gases into NaOH. The alkaline sodium scrubbing materials such as Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3, NaHCO.sub.3 or mixtures thereof are used in the form of an aqueous slurry or aqueous solution to scrub SO.sub.2 from gases containing same to form a reaction mixture comprising Na.sub.2 SO.sub.3, Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4, and possibly NaHSO.sub.3, and a gas depleted in SO.sub.2. The reaction mixture is contacted with an aqueous hydrogen ion solution comprising Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 formed in an acid compartment of a two- or three-compartment electrodialytic water splitter to form a solution comprising aqueous SO.sub.2 values and aqueous Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4. Contact of the reaction mixture with the aqueous hydrogen ion solution may be performed externally, of the water splitter or internally, in an acid compartment of the water splitter.

Abstract: This oxygen concentration detector employs an oxygen concentration sensor provided with a plate produced of a material which exhibits ionic conduction for oxygen (An oxygen ionic conductor), a cathode placed on the one surface of the oxygen ionic conductor plate, an anode placed on the other surface of the oxygen ionic conductor plate, and a porous material layer which functions to regulate the flow of oxygen which passes through the porous material layer to reach the cathode and the oxygen ionic conductor plate. The improvement realized in this oxygen concentration detector is to remove a drawback in which the output of this sensor makes an error depending on the temperature of a gas of which the oxygen concentration is measured.

Abstract: The device described herein comprises a sweatband adapted to collect sweat from the forehead of a runner or other exerciser and optionally to feed the collected sweat to a tube running down to the runner's mouth so that the salt and water given off in the sweat may be returned to the body. If it is not desired to return the sweat to the runner's mouth, it may be allowed to run off away from the runner's face. The sweatband has one or more grooved strips which have the open portion of the groove (or grooves) facing upward or toward the runner's forehead and adapted to collect sweat running down the forehead. The grooves may feed into a tube or groove which runs downward to a mouthpiece to be inserted into the runner's mouth and the sweat fed into the runner's mouth through an opening in the mouthpiece. The tube may have openings therein or actually comprise a groove slanted forward and downward on the face so that facial sweat may also be collected.

Abstract: A horizontal electrophoresis apparatus characterized by a cooling plate which consists of a sintered SiC with high thermal conductivity and good insulating properties, or sintered material composed mainly of SiC, and a Peltier element, as the heat conducting material to cool the supporting matrix or electrolyte.

Abstract: An improved electrophoresis apparatus for nucleic acid fragments in which nucleic acid fragments are separated in the order of their molecular weight in an electrophoresis cell using an electrophoretic gel for determining the base sequence of a nucleic acid, the improvement comprising a nucleic acid fragment specimen supply section for supplying the nucleic acid fragments to the electrophoresis cell, disposed thereover a molecular sieving membrane having a predetermined degree of molecular permeability for separating to remove those high molecular weight ingredients in the nucleic acid fragment specimen other than the fragments intended to be analyzed electrophoretically.

Abstract: A clarifier is provided for simultaneously treating a plurality of bodies of liquid-solid suspension in a vertically stacked fashion, with the aim of separating the particulate solids from the liquid, by process steps involving a combination of electrophoresis and reverse osmosis. The clarifier comprises a conical shell which is mounted on a shaft for rotation. The shaft extends through the apex of the shell and is disposed at an upward angle, so that the base of the shell is tilted. A plurality of nested, spaced apart, truncated, conical bands are secured to the inner surface of the shell. The bands each carry an elongate anode electrode on the upper surface and an elongate cathode electrode on the lower surface. Thus there are formed a plurality of vertically stacked, endless, arcuate treatment chambers, with an elongate anode extending along the base and an elongate cathode electrode extending along the top of each chamber.

Abstract: A process for electrodepositing mica and a water soluble anionic resin binder, such as a modified polyester resin, is disclosed as a means for applying a heavy coating of a high-voltage, mica-bearing electrical insulation onto uninsulated and porous mica tape-insulated portions of electrical connections in dynamoelectric machines. The electrodeposited mica coating is subsequently impregnated with a suitable resin, such as an epoxy or polyester resin, concurrently with the impregnation of other conventional insulations in the machine. Alternatively, deposition and impregnation of the connection insulation can be performed prior to installing the connection into the machine.

Abstract: The invention relates to a self-crosslinking heat-curable binder, in particular for electrocoating finishes, based on an organic synthetic resin which contains primary and/or secondary hydroxyl groups, esterified carboxyl groups and quaternary ammonium groups and can be diluted with water as a result of partial or complete neutralization with acids. The esterified carboxyl groups are activated in the alcohol component by a substituent which has a negative inductive effect.

Abstract: A device for the horizontal electroblotting of electrophoretically transferred material comprising a fluid tight container having a floor, a lid and side walls extending between the floor and the lid for defining a chamber, a support assembly located in the chamber for supporting the material to be electroblotted, a first electrode provided below the support assembly and a second electrode provided above the support assembly and a barrier provided in the chamber between the first electrode and the support assembly for diverting bubbles produced by the first electrode so as to prevent the bubbles from accumulating on the support assembly during the electroblotting of the electrophoretically transferred material.