Abstract: A system that makes it possible to merge at least four fluids with a column for separating a feedstock, for example, in a simulated moving bed, comprises at least one trunnion-mounted ball valve, whereby this valve comprises at least one means that makes it possible to circulate one or more fluids, this fluid is placed inside the valve to ensure communication between two zones of the column or between at least one of said zones and at least one point that is outside of the column, and several openings (OA, OB) that are placed to ensure the circulation of fluids according to the stages that are necessary to the separation process that is carried out in said column.

Abstract: The present invention provides for an apparatus and method for collecting and recycling a petroleum by-product such as hydrocarbon residue from crude oil. The apparatus comprises a container having a top, bottom, and sides, an internal heating element, an inlet element, an outlet element, a pump connector, and optionally a plug element for an auxiliary connector. The present invention further provides a method for recycling waxy hydrocarbon residue from crude oil. The method comprises providing the container of the present invention; filling the container with a sufficient amount of the waxy hydrocarbon residue; heating the waxy hydrocarbon residue in the container in order to produce a liquefied hydrocarbon residue; pumping the liquefied hydrocarbon residue out of the container through the pump connector and into a separate storage vessel; and, recycling the liquefied hydrocarbon residue into a usable oil refinery product.

Abstract: Methods for cracking hydrocarbons in reactor systems having improved resistances to carburization and coking. The reactor system comprises a steel portion having provided thereon a chromium protective layer to isolate the steel portion from hydrocarbons, applied to a thickness effective for completely isolating the steel portion from the hydrocarbon environment. The protective layer is anchored to the steel substrate through an intermediate carbide-rich, bonding layer.

Abstract: The invention provides an iron sulfide characterized in that it comprises FeS2, Fe1−XS, Fe3O4 and FeSO4, and that the secondary particles thereof, have a 50% volume-cumulative particle diameter of from 20 to 300 &mgr;m. The invention also provides a process for producing an iron sulfide comprising the steps of introducing (a) ferrous sulfate monohydrate having a d50 of from 20 to 300 &mgr;m and (b) not less than stoichiometric amount of at least one sulfur compound selected from elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide into the fluidized bed of a furnace and then fluidizing, burning, and reacting the ingredients at a temperature of from 350 to less than 630° C., a superficial velocity of 0.1 m/sec or higher, and a pressure of 1 atm or higher using air as a fluidizing gas. The present invention is useful, for example, in a process of coal liquefaction or heavy-oil hydrocracking.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for reforming organics into shorter-chain unsaturated organic compounds. A molten metal bath is provided which can cause homolytic cleavage of an organic component of an organic-containing feed. The feed is directed into the molten metal bath at a rate which causes partial homolytic cleavage of an organic component of the feed. Conditions are established and maintained in the reactor to cause partial homolytic cleavage of the organic component to produce unsaturated organic compounds, as products of the homolytic cleavage, which are discharged from the molten metal bath.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is the method of obtaining liquid fuels from polyolefine wastes. According to the method, properly disintegrated polyolefines in an amount of 100 parts y weight are heated in the temperatures between 300° C. to 450° C. till the moment of a decay of volatile product forming, in the presence of heavy metals silicates as catalysts, added in amounts of 1-30 parts by weight. As catalyst, the silicates of iron Fe3+, cobalt Co2+, nickel Ni2+, manganium Mn2+, chromium Cr3+, copper Cu2+, zinc Zn2+, cadmium Cd2+ and/or their mixtures are used. The catalyst is applied in an amorphic form in an amount from 5 to 10 % by weight, calculated on the mass of the raw material. The catalyst is recycled and used multiply. A process is run in a continous way.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hydrocracking catalyst that comprises at least one oxide-type amorphous or poorly crystallized matrix, at least one element of group VB, preferably niobium, and at least one clay that is selected from the group that is formed by the 2:1 dioctahedral phyllosilicates and the 2:1 trioctahedral phyllosilicates, optionally at least one element that is selected from among the elements of group VIB and group VIII, optionally at least one element that is selected from the group that is formed by P, B, Si, and optionally at least one element of group VIIA. The invention also relates to the use of this catalyst in hydrocracking of feedstocks that contain hydrocarbon.

Abstract: In the field of bringing fluids into contact with solid materials, the invention relates to the use of a container which is suitable for granular materials. The container, of a material which is permeable to gases and liquids, is of substantially tetrahedral shape.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a zirconium, rare earth containing composition comprising zirconium, cerium, neodymium and praseodymium components and the use of this composition in a catalyst composition useful for the treatment of gases to reduce contaminants contained therein and method process to make the catalyst composition. The catalyst has the capability of substantially simultaneously catalyzing the oxidation of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide and the reduction of nitrogen oxides.

Abstract: A method is provided for manufacturing cleaner fuels, in which NPC (Natural Polar Compounds), naturally existing in small quantities within various petrolic hydrocarbon fractions, are removed from the petrolic hydrocarbon fractions ranging, in boiling point, from 110 to 560° C. and preferably from 200 to 400° C., in advance of catalytic hydroprocessing. The removal of NPC improves the efficiency of the catalytic process and produces environment-friendly products, such as diesel fuel with a sulfur content of 50 ppm (wt) or lower. Also, the NPC can be used to improve fuel lubricity.

Abstract: A system and method to improve the efficiency of delayed coker charge heating by effecting and controlling the temperature of a coker process fluid, prior to its introduction to a coker charge heater. In its preferred embodiment, the instant invention strategically positions and controls a pre-heater to automatically stabilize and minimize delayed coker charge heater firing rates. Said pre-heater's set point is derived by a feed forward control system that allows for the detection of process fluid temperature within a combination tower bottom, and communicates that temperature value to a pre-heater. Based upon the temperature value communicated to the pre-heater, the pre-heater intensifies, maintains, or decreases its firing to effect an operationally consistent combination tower bottoms temperature. By maintaining nearly constant combination tower bottoms temperature, a delayed coker charge heater derives enhanced operational efficiency and increases its life expectancy.

Abstract: A process for the separation of isobutene, otherwise inseparable from butene-1 by fractionation, in high purity from butenes contained in a mixed hydrocarbon stream containing butene-1, butene-2 and small amounts of butadiene in which the mixed hydrocarbon stream is fed to distillation column reactor containing an alumina supported palladium oxide catalyst. The column is operated to tend to exclude butene-2 from contact with the catalyst and to maintain butene-1 in contact with the catalyst to isomerize the butene-1 to butene-2. As butene-2 is produced it is distilled away from the catalyst, upsetting the equilibrium and allowing for a greater than equilibrium amount of butene-2. The isobutene and isobutane are concurrently separated from the butene-2. Additionally, any butadiene in the feed is hydrogenated to butenes. The bottoms is rich in butene-2.

Abstract: Catalytic system for dehydrogenating ethylbenzene to styrene, containing chromium oxide, tin oxide, at least one oxide of an alkaline metal (M) and an alumina carrier, in delta or theta phase or in a mixture of delta+theta or theta+alpha or delta+theta+alpha phases, modified with silica, and characterized in that: the chromium, expressed as Cr2O3, is in a quantity of between 6 and 30% by weight; the tin, expressed as SnO, is in a quantity of between 0.1 and 3.5% by weight; the alkaline metal, expressed as M2O, is in a quantity of between 0.4 and 3% by weight; the silica is in a quantity of between 0.08 and 3% by weight, the complement to 100 being alumina.

Abstract: An improved process and article of manufacture to effectuate pressure reduction in a delayed coker charge heater's radiant heat section outlet and feedstock process coil, by upflowing coker feedstock through a single or double row, single or double fired, feedstock process coil. The innovative upflowing of coker feedstock as disclosed by the present invention allows BFW/Steam injection and vaporizing hydrocarbons to rise in the same flow direction as the coker feedstock, resulting in an enhanced mixing of fluid film and coker feedstock. Such enhanced mixing, in turn, increases heat transfer rates to the feedstock. As coker charge heater burners are commonly located in the bottom of the heater, the lower portion of the heater is typically the location of highest processing temperatures and tube side fouling.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for converting a hydrocarbon feed in which said feed is treated in a distillation zone producing an overhead vapor distillate and a bottom effluent, associated with an at least partially external reaction zone comprising at least one catalytic bed, in which at least one reaction for converting at least a portion of at least one hydrocarbon is carried out in the presence of a catalyst and a gas stream comprising hydrogen, the feed for the reaction zone being drawn off at the height of at least one draw-off level and representing at least a portion of the liquid flowing in the distillation zone, at least part of the effluent from the reaction zone being re-introduced into the distillation zone at the height of at least one re-introduction level, so as to ensure continuity of the distillation, said process being characterized in that at least a portion of the vapor distillate is re-contacted with at least a portion of the feed introduced into the distillation zone.

Abstract: A catalyst composition and process for preparing such catalyst composition which can be useful in contacting a hydrocarbon-containing fluid which contains a highly unsaturated hydrocarbon such as 1,3-butadiene, in the presence of hydrogen, with such catalyst composition in a hydrogenation zone under a hydrogenation condition effective to hydrogenate such highly unsaturated hydrocarbon to a less unsaturated hydrocarbon such as n-butene is disclosed. Such process for preparing a catalyst composition includes (1) combining a zeolite, a Group VIB metal, and an inorganic support to form a modified zeolite; (2) calcining such modified zeolite under a calcining condition to produce a calcined, modified zeolite; and (3) contacting such calcined, modified zeolite with a carburizing agent under a carburizing condition to provide such catalyst composition.

Abstract: A process for improving the pour point of a feed comprising paraffins containing more than 10 carbon atoms, in which the feed to be treated is brought into contact with a catalyst comprising at least one zeolite with structure type MTT, TON or FER or any possible combination of these three, at least one hydro-dehydrogenating element selected from elements from group VIB and group VIII of the periodic table, at least one deposited promoter element (boron, silicon, phosphorous), optionally at least one group VIIA element, optionally at least one group VIIB element, at a temperature in the range 170° C. to 500° C., a pressure in the range 1 to 250 bars and at an hourly space velocity in the range 0.05 to 100 h−1, in the presence of hydrogen in an amount of 50 to 2000 l/l of feed. The oils obtained have good pour points and high viscosity indices (VI). The process is also applicable to gas oils, and other feeds requiring a reduction in pour point.

Abstract: The invention provides a hydrocracking catalyst comprising at least one mineral matrix, at least one beta zeolite, at least one group VB element or at least one mixed sulphide phase comprising sulphur, optionally at least one group VIB or group VIII element, optionally at least one element selected from the group formed by silicon, boron or phosphorous, and optionally at least one group VIIA element.

Abstract: A VGO stream is hydrocracking in a hydrocracking reaction zone within an integrated hydroconversion process. Effluent from the hydrocracking reaction zone is combined with a light aromatic-containing feed stream, and the blended stream hydrotreated in a hydrotreating reaction zone. The hydrocracked effluent serves as a heat sink for the hydrotreating reaction zone. The integrated reaction system provides a single hydrogen supply and recirculation system for use in two reaction systems.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for mitigating the fouling from thermally cracked oils by minimizing the residence time at the temperature when the fouling is highest.