Abstract: A process for making doped semiconductor bodies in thick sheets by epitaxial growth of a doped monocrystalline semiconductor layer on a substrate body by means of a transfer reaction, the transfer system being so arranged that dead spaces are avoided and that within the transfer system a gradient of maximally 1.degree. C./mm is maintained. The invention makes it possible to obtain doped layers of larger thickness than heretofore known.

Abstract: Enhancement of thermal decomposition of solid matter by applying a high voltage but low power electrical field across said solid matter simultaneously with heating of the solid matter.

Abstract: A process and improved apparatus are provided for producing macrospherical particles. The particles themselves have increased wall thicknesses and higher densities than particles produced by conventional means and are thus not subject to deep lung penetration. The produced particles are also of controlled (narrow) particle size distribution. Such particles are particularly well adapted for use as anti-perspirants. The process for producing the particles comprises providing a solution containing the materials from which the particles are made, dispersing the solution along a plurality of radially disposed bristles by centrifugal force into discrete liquid droplets and drying the solution droplets in a stream of heated air. The improved apparatus comprises mounting a rotatable atomizer having a plurality of bristles inside a spray drying chamber.

Abstract: In a coking process, coal to be coked is preheated in a cascaded whirling bed drier into which the coal is charged from above and exposed to an indirect heat transfer while whirling in a coal-steam mixture. Hot gas applied to the heating pipes in respective cascades of the drier is branched off from the total amount of hot gases discharged from a dry cooler in which hot coke from the coke oven is cooled by recirculating cooler gas constituted by a partial gas stream discharged from the cascades of the drier and reunited with the other partial stream subject to a heat exchange for generating steam. Steam from the whirling beds is discharged from the cascaded drier, separated from the entrained dust particles, and then the excessive steam is drained in a branch conduit and the remaining steam is compressed and reintroduced into the lowermost whirling bed in the drier.

Abstract: Non-caking, granular detergent compositions suitable for use in automatic laundry machines or in automatic dishwashing machines are prepared from hydratable particulate detergent salts or such salts in admixture with other detergent ingredients such as non-hydratable detergent salts, surfactants, fillers, corrosion inhibitors, chlorine releasing agents, coloring agents and perfumes under conditions insuring substantially complete hydration of the hydratable detergent salts and agglomeration of the hydrated particulates in the composition into storage stable, dry, pourable agglomerates.

Abstract: The invention is a new design of chuck door which has a knife-edge sealing strip that fits tightly in a slot of the door and is adjustable longitudinally by jacking screws. The strip is locked in position also by screws. The inside of the chuck door is provided with a cavity within which heat insulating refractory material is retained. A pivoted heat shield hangs from extended side heat shields in the coke oven and pivots up to allow entry of the leveler bar through the opening closed by the chuck door. The design is readily adaptable to new and to existing oven doors.

Abstract: In processes for retorting oil shale using recycled heat carrying ceramic balls having a critical heat flux value, efficient operation, without heat shock damage to the balls, is obtained by operating at a weight ratio of balls to shale which is greater than but substantially equal to the ratio corresponding to the critical heat flux value; and this ratio is a function of both the heat transfer coefficient at the inlet to the retort and also the difference in temperature between the heat carrying balls and the oil shale. Implementing apparatus includes arrangements for controlling the ratio of heat carrying balls to shale, as by ball feed control apparatus and/or oil shale feed control apparatus, in accordance with the difference in temperature between the ceramic balls and the shale.

Abstract: A coke oven door seal in which a leaf spring is fixed to the inner end of a continuous concave seating structure which is peripherally mounted on the door frame. A terminally convex ridge structure extends endwise from the door jamb to flex the leaf spring sufficiently so as to form a continuous gas tight seal around the door. The leaf spring is flexed by the ridge by an amount that is greater than the deflection which would result only from the application of pressure on the leaf spring by coke oven gases. The leaf spring is also flexed by an amount that is less than the amount which would surpass its elastic limit. In an alternate embodiment, the leaf spring and seat structure are mounted on the door jamb while the ridge is mounted on the door frame.

Abstract: A heated chamber having at least one opening; closure means for closing said at least one opening, said closure means having at least a closed and open position; said closure means and said opening having surfaces disposed for coming into proximity of one another in said closed position, said surfaces forming a primary sealing means for said heated chamber in said closed position, there being a substance applied to at least one of said proximate surfaces, said substance having a property of expanding upon the application of heat thereby forming a secondary sealing means between said proximate surfaces in said closed position.

Abstract: The catalytic creosote burner comprises a nest of metal plates spaced so that flue gas can flow between the plates. The plates are coated with a catalyst for burning creosote. The plates converge in the direction of the gas flow. There is an advantage in this configuration of converging plates. The frontal area of the burner that faces the fire is increased, so that the burner receives additional heat by radiation from the fire. The frontal area that faces the flue is reduced so that less heat is lost by radiation from the burner. As a result, the burn up of creosote is higher than when the plates are parallel, at the original inlet spacing.

Abstract: Enclosure and exhaust apparatus is provided to enhance control and removal of coke-side emissions during a push in the operation of a coke oven battery. The gaseous and entrained particulate emissions are initially confined to a first longitudinally extending containment zone where the emissions are directed, under the influence of its gaseous thermal drive, upwardly and laterally outwardly away from the coke-side face of the battery. The emissions are then transferred, at the peak of the first containment zone, laterally, through a gas expansion throat, into a second longitudinally extending containment zone that is adjacent and parallel to the first containment zone. Contemporaneously with entering the second containment zone, a portion of the emissions is removed therefrom through an exhaust conduit located at the upper reaches or peak portion of the second containment zone.

Abstract: Granular particles of an available chlorine-containing compound such as sodium dichloroisocyanurate are prepared by conveying a flowing stream of an aqueous slurry of the compound through a tubular chamber under pressure, injecting jets of an atomizing medium such as air into the flowing stream of said slurry to agitate and aerate said slurry, conveying the aerated slurry to an exit port in said tubular chamber, discharging the aerated slurry through said exit port into a zone of reduced pressure and enlarged area, impinging additional jets of an atomizing medium into said slurry as it passes through said exit port, whereby free expansion of said slurry into a cone of aerated droplets of said slurry is effected. The resulting droplets are contacted with a heated gas in said zone to effect evaporation of water from the aerated droplets and thereby produce dry granules of the available chlorine-containing compound.

Abstract: A coke-oven door for use in combination with a coke-oven chamber having an upright doorjamb has a door panel whose periphery is complementary to the doorjamb and which is provided with a seal extending around that periphery between the same and the doorjamb. A plug with a heat-insulating outer wall is carried on this panel within the seal and projects through the doorjamb into the chamber. This plug is formed with a vertically extending and upwardly open passage bounded by a metallic inner wall having gaps by which gases produced during coking adjacent the plug enter the passage on their way to a flue, exchanging heat through the metallic wall with the charge in the oven and thereby aiding the coking operation.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with a method and an apparatus for the vaporization of liquid in a heat exchanger of the vertical-tube type, in which exchanger the vapor or liquid delivering the heat is passed through the tubes of the group (7) of tubes in the heat exchanger preferably from the bottom upwards. The group (7) of tubes is passed through at least one nozzle plate (18) or nozzle basin (22) so that nozzle openings (16, 20, 23) surrounding the tubes are formed between the openings in the nozzle plates and the tubes. In the heat exchanger the liquid to be vaporized is passed to the mantle side into the upper part of the heat exchanger or into each nozzle basin of the heat exchanger separately and is guided so as to flow downwards on the outer face of the group (7) of tubes as a liquid film.

Abstract: In a continuous process for the extraction of crude refinery stock from oil-bearing sand, miscella produced earlier in the process is returned and mixed with oil-bearing sand to provide a feed slurry which, after heating, is separated into two streams, one of which is comprised predominantly of the coarser sand particles in the feed sand and miscella and the other of which contains most of the fine sand particles in the feed slurry. Miscella extracted by hot solvent from one of these streams is recycled to produce at least part of the miscella returned to produce the feed mix, and the other stream is processed to remove at least most of the sand and yield a miscella which is then distilled to separate the solvent for recycle to the extraction stages. Generally stated, a decantation step involving countercurrent extraction of the feed slurry will be used with sands which are comprised largely of fine particles.

Abstract: The quality of coke is improved by measuring the width of a plastic zone of a given type of coal, comparing said measured zone with a predetermined zone width known to result in good quality coke, adjusting certain characteristics of said given coal prior to charging it into the coke oven to cause a change in said zone width of the coal that will ultimately result in improved coke quality. Typical adjusting steps include preheating the coal and/or the addition of coal binders, such as, various carbon and petro-based binding agents, for example, pitch.

Abstract: Distillation apparatus is disclosed which operates according to the so-called thermocompressor principle and comprises a housing in which a boiling chamber is situated to accommodate the liquid to be distilled, a heating device for heating the liquid to be distilled in the boiling chamber, a feed line for conducting the liquid to be distilled into the boiling chamber, an output line for removing the distillate from the distillation apparatus, and apparatus for imparting additional energy to the vapor that is produced from the liquid to be distilled in the boiling chamber such that the temperature of the vapor on the output side of the energy imparting apparatus is increased. According to the invention, at least one heat exchange tube is provided within the distillation apparatus through which a mixture composed of the liquid to be distilled and of the vapor produced therefrom is adapted to flow.

Abstract: Pyrolysis process and system for recovering product gases and liquids from solid carbonaceous particles.Dual stage fluidized bed retort is disclosed having frusto-conical stages serially connected to promote uniform pyrolysis. Product gases and oil are removed from final fluid bed stage in series. Process includes various energy efficient aspects involving recycle of dilute phase combusted solids as the heat carrier, heavy oil recycle and use of steam and/or product vapors as the source of fluidizing gas for the staged retort.

Abstract: A device to disassociate combustion product compounds such as water into hydrogen and oxygen gases is provided, including a tube to pass steam through a layered P-N semi-conductor system by which excess electrons are added to the steam, heat is added to the steam, a sweeping magnetic field to accelerate the steam ions in a swirling motion to cause the steam mass to accumulate high velocity kinetic energy and a porous plug of a catalyst metal, such as platinum, splitting the steam ions into oxygen and hydrogen.

Abstract: A process and system for continuously pyrolyzing organic feedstock produces a solid carbonaceous residue of controlled volatility, in a manner that is highly energy efficient. The value of the gaseous product and of the pyrolytic oil produced are also optimized.