Abstract: Workflow techniques for coordinating organizational processes by providing flexible representations of work using generalized process structure grammars (GPSG). The techniques take into account that, in reality, work evolves both horizontally, in the co-operation of causally unrelated, but information-sharing tasks, and vertically, in the co-ordination of causally-dependent activities. Process modeling involves (1) viewing documents and tasks as duals of each other, capturing horizontal co-operation; and (2) exploiting constraints to express the soft dependencies among related activities and documents within the framework of generative rule-based grammars for processes, thus handling vertical co-ordination. This alleviates or avoids rigidity arising in conventional workflow solutions in part from viewing work processes as unfolding along a single line of temporally chained activities.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer program products for relating a hyper-text markup language (HTML) document to stored information associated with the HTML document and with an application program are provided for by an association module that searches the HTML document for an association tag, wherein the association tag includes an index reference to a location of the stored information. Upon locating an association tag, the index reference is read and utilized by the association module to locate and retrieve the stored information. The stored information is then utilized by the application program. The association tag may also include a marker that uniquely identifies it as associated with the application program. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the stored information is both document and application specific.