Abstract: Radiation-dose indicator as well as a lamp and a tanning apparatus comprising such a radiation-dose indicator.The invention provides a novel type of radiation-dose indicator which is reliable and accurate. The indicator comprises an optically active layer which includes a liquid-crystalline material as well as a radiation-sensitive compound. This compound is converted under the influence of radiation in such a way as to change the order of the liquid-crystalline material. Preferably, a trans-isomer is used as the radiation-sensitive compound, which is converted to the corresponding cis-isomer under the influence of radiation. In this way, the order of the liquid-crystalline material is broken. Indicators in accordance with the invention can very advantageously be used in UV- and IR-lamps as well as in tanning apparatus.

Abstract: A germanium detector measures an energy spectrum of gamma ray flux. The detector includes a copper cooling layer continuous over a periphery of the columnar germanium crystal. The cooling layer reduces current leakage induced by heat, so that high energy gamma rays can be precisely detected. A combination of a plurality of germanium crystal bodies connected one another to form the germanium crystal of at least 20 cm leads to a more precise detection of high energy gamma rays.

Abstract: The present invention is a method to determine the water content and/or total organic carbon content in a petrochemical stream including water, organic carbon and acid comprising irradiating a feed stream including an acid, water, and organic carbon, with optical radiation; determining the optical absorption of the feed stream for at least two selected wavelengths; and determining the weight percent of the water and/or organic carbon content from the optical absorption.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device and method for measuring an impurity in a trace concentration in a gas to be measured by means of infrared spectroscopic analysis employing a diode laser. In order to carry out analysis with high sensitivity and high accuracy, the gas to be measured is directed into sample cell 5 and placed in a low pressure state by means of pump 16. Infrared light from the wavelength region in which strong absorption peaks from the impurity can be obtained are oscillated from the diode laser 1, and a derivative absorption spectrum is measured by passing the infrared rays through sample cell 5 and reference cell 8 which is filled with the impurity alone. The spectrum for the gas to be measured and the spectrum for the impurity alone are compared, and the impurity is identified by confirming a plurality of absorption peaks originating from the impurity. Determination of the impurity is then carried out from absorption intensity of the strongest peak.

Abstract: An infrared (IR) microlens array has a plurality of microlenses (12) aligned with respective IR detector array pixels (6) to focus incoming IR radiation onto the pixels (6) to improve the efficiency of IR detection, and a gas molecule getter grating (14) inside a vacuum-sealed Dewar assembly that houses the detector array (4) increases the surface area of the getter (15) to improve the efficiency of removing residual gas molecules from the Dewar assembly.

Abstract: Radiation made to enter an entire envelope formed of lead or copper, which is included in a radiation detector, results in generating neutrons. Then, the neutrons enter an NaI (Tl) crystal, a CsI crystal, a BiGeO crystal, a BaF.sub.2 crystal, a GSO (Gd.sub.2 SiO.sub.5) crystal or a GdO crystal, forming a scintillator portion of the radiation detector, and as a result, gamma rays are generated due to a neutron capture reaction. The energy of the gamma rays is measured, thereby detecting the nonuniformity of sensitivity of the scintillator portion of the radiation detector.

Abstract: A radiographic image read out system having on-line performance verification. A number of parameters to be used in a test program are stored together with (a) limiting value(s) for (a) characteristic value(s) resulting from application of the test program. An image signal of a phantom is processed according to the test program to determine at least one characteristic value. At least one limiting value for each determined characteristic value is retrieved from storage and a hard copy of the image of the phantom along with the at least one characteristic value in relation to the limiting value(s) is produced.

Abstract: Gas analyzer systems which include: (1) a transducer for outputting a signal indicative of the concentration of a specified gas in a sample which may contain that gas, and (2) an airway adapter or cuvette with a flow passage for confining the sample to a particular path traversing the transducer. The cuvettes feature radiant energy transmitting windows which are flush mounted in apertures on opposite sides of the cuvette flow passage and are fabricated from a polymer such as biaxially oriented polypropylene which is malleable, yet resistant to wrinkling, warping, and other forms of distortion. Retainer rings keep the windows flat and distortion free with an accurately reproducible spacing between the windows.

Abstract: An ultraviolet light source is provided on one end of a cell into which a sample gas is introduced. A beam splitter for dividing beams which have been transmitted through the cell into two optical paths is provided on the other end of the cell. A first detector is provided in one optical path, and a second detector is provided in the other optical path. A gas filter filled with a component to be measured is positioned between the detectors and beam splitter so that a concentration of the component to be measured may be obtained on the basis of a difference between the output of the first detector and the product of the output of the second detector and an appointed constant. Influences resulting from components coexisting in the sample gas are reduced. Alternatively, an infrared light source may be provided on one end of a sample cell. A gas filter filled with a gas the same as the gas to be measured is provided at the other end of the sample cell.

Abstract: An infrared detector has a sensor with an infrared detecting portion composed of a thermal sensitive resistor film on an insulating film provided on a surface of a semiconductor substrate. The sensor is installed on a base such that it bridges a cavity in the substrate. The cavity is sealed by an infrared reflecting film or an infrared reflecting metallic board.

Abstract: An assembly for measuring a trench depth parameter of a workpiece is disclosed. The assembly has an ultra-violet radiation source; a split fiber bundle having a first branch for propagating the ultra-violet radiation from the radiation source to a lens, and a second branch; a lens for focusing the UV radiation to the workpiece and refocusing an ultra-violet interference signal to the second branch; and a detector responsive to the ultra-violet interference signal received through the second branch. The detector transforms the ultra-violet interference signal to an electrical signal which is a measure of a trench depth of the workpiece. The ultra-violet interference signal is developed when ultra-violet radiation propagates through the workpiece and reflects from its base region to thereby interfere with ultra-violet radiation that is directly reflected by a workpiece surface which is different from the base region.

Abstract: Methods and systems for calibrating a digital gamma camera using a hole phantom are described. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of performing offset adjustments and gain adjustments, and then using a source to flood the hole phantom, image data of the phantom is collected by the camera to be calibrated. The image data collected from such flood is used to generate a light distribution function for the camera. In addition, residual distortions are measured, and a spatial corrections map and an energy deficit map are created. A quality control image also can be generated to verify that the camera is calibrated.

Abstract: A gas analyzing apparatus comprises a light source (34) emitting an infrared luminous flux; a sample cell (38) which is arranged such that a sample gas is introduced therein and the infrared luminous flux emitted from the light source (34) is transmitted therethrough; and detection means (10a, 10b) which contain absorbers and are arranged such that the infrared luminous flux transmitted through the sample cell (38) passes through the absorbers and an increase in pressure according to the temperature within each of their absorber containers raised upon absorption of the infrared luminous flux by each absorber is optically detected so as to measure, based on the increases in pressure, concentrations of ingredients to be measured in the sample gas, wherein, as the absorbers contained in the detection means (10a, 10b), gases having ingredients identical to the ingredients to be measured are used, respectively.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for evaluating wet cutting from a well borehole to determine the hydrocarbon content of the earth formations penetrated by the well borehole. The wet cuttings to be measured are mixed with a polar hydrocarbon solvent which has both hydrophilic and hydrophilic properties. The solution of the solvent and cutting is filtered and then its emission (fluorescence) spectrum is measured by irradiating it with ultraviolet radiation excitation at wavelengths at which most petroleum compounds fluoresce. The hydrocarbon content of the sample wet cuttings is then determined by comparing its fluorescence emission to the emission fluorescence of known samples.

Abstract: An apparatus, including a photoconductor (1) for converting X-rays into a charge pattern, and a controllable charging device (3, 9) for charging the surface of the photoconductor to a defined potential. The service life of the charging device is prolonged in that there is provided a measuring device for measuring the potential on the surface of the photoconductor and for controlling the charging device in dependence on the potential.

Abstract: A novel pyrodetector element is produced by oriented growth, with the aid of buffer layers, above a monocrystalline silicon substrate and thus enables the fabrication of an array of pyrodetectors having read-out and amplifier circuitry integrated on the common substrate. Proposed as the buffer layers are yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide YSZ or magnesium oxide above an interlayer made of spinel.

Abstract: The formation porosity of a partially invaded gas reservoir in subsurface earth formation is determined from the sum of percentages of density and neutron tool porosities. During the method of this invention, density tool and neutron tool porosity measurements are taken of the formation. These porosity measurements are fitted to a predetermined porosity to determine the percentage of each porosity measurement that will be summed to estimate the formation porosity of the gas reservoir. The percentages of the density and neutron porosity measurements are dependent on a correction factor that is determined from the fitting process.

Abstract: A pyroelectric infrared radiation detector is capable of removing internal noise generated in a pyroelectric element as well as noise due to a power source in the manner that the induction noise of exterior high-frequency noise due to an inductance component in an outer lead wire is removed by connecting a second filter to a drain electrode of a FET, and the high-frequency interior noise is removed by installing a first filter between the pyroelectric element and FET. Therefore, a body sensing signal can be obtained by using only one pyroelectric element.

Abstract: An automated and preferably computer-controlled night vision device test arrangement for determination of spectral sensitivity in the infrared or other input spectrum regions. The test arrangement includes feedback control of night vision device input port signal levels, incremented selection of input signal wavelength, loop-residing spectrum increments and automated collection and presentation of test results.

Abstract: A radiation detector for detecting ionizing radiation. The detector includes a semiconductor having at least two sides. A bias electrode is formed on one side of the semiconductor. A signal electrode is formed on a side of the semiconductor and is used to detect the energy level of the ionizing radiation. A third electrode (the control electrode) is also formed on the semiconductor. The control electrode shares charges induced by the ionizing radiation with the signal electrode, until the charge clouds are close to the signal electrode. The control electrode also alters the electric field within the semiconductor, such that the field guides the charge clouds toward the signal electrode when the clouds closely approach the signal electrode. As a result, trapping of charge carrying radiation (i.e., electrons or holes) is minimized, and low-energy tailing is virtually eliminated.