Abstract: To perform cone beam reconstruction by using projection data correctly corresponding to X-ray beam having passed through each pixel in the reconstruction area, data D1 is obtained which is plane projected to a plane based on projection data D0. Then, plane projection data D1 to the projection plane pp is projected to the reconstruction area in the direction of X-ray transmission to obtain back projection pixel data D2. Thereafter, back projection pixel data D2 will be added for each corresponding pixel for all views to obtain back projection data D3. The present invention provides reconstruction by device of projection data correctly corresponding to the X-ray beam having passed through the reconstruction area. Through the plane projection to a plane the operation will become simplified and faster.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for detecting items in objects, such as in luggage, wherein a detector apparatus, functioning as a second detector is divided into a lower testing stage and a higher testing stage. In the lower testing stage, the coordinates of the object location are determined, and subsequently, a diffraction apparatus is moved to this location in the higher testing stage. In particular, X-ray diffraction can be employed to determine the explosive material of the item in the object. The diffraction apparatus comprises a collimator/detector arrangement, which is disposed to be adjusted height-wise and laterally in the higher testing stage, with a laterally-adjustable X-ray source, which is synchronized with the collimator/detector arrangement. The collimator/detector arrangement preferably has only one collimator and one detector. The collimator preferably has a conically-expanding ring slot, which a predetermined angle ?M of a scatter radiation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a two VCSEL array mounted in a single can with a monitoring diode. One VCSEL is directed toward the can window (for coupling with an attached fiber optic in a completed subassembly) and the other is directed toward the monitor diode. The two VCSELS are electrically coupled in parallel, are connected to the same pins in the TO can, and are driven by the same source. Preferably the two VCSELS are identical or nearly identical. The current of the monitor diode is proportional to the light emitted by both VCSELs. Since the monitor diode measures incident light from the second VCSEL, no angle of reflection is affected by changes in temperature. Since the two VCSELs are coupled in parallel, the device has a naturally low impedance.

Abstract: A timing device, such as a timing disk or a timing ruler is provided with a carrier having at least one code track of a group and overlapping therewith and at least one code marking, which is scanned by a sensor unit to produce signals. The code track or tracks have a different optical density in comparison to the first group, and the code markings within a code track overlap. Also disclosed is a positioning device which includes a timing disk or a timing ruler with a carrier having a first group of code markings in at least one code track. Here the code markings are scanned by at least one sensor unit for producing a signal and the signal processing device for converting the sensor signal into a control signal is connected after the sensor unit.

Abstract: A method for determining parameters of a material includes comparing a range of an actual x-ray scattering profile with a range of an expected x-ray scattering profile for a material sample. The expected profile is modified to match the actual profile and this is then repeated with an ever-larger range of the profiles until two profiles match across the whole of their profile. From the last modified expected profile the parameters of the material are determined.

Abstract: Physical systems, each having three energy levels, in the solid substance arranged in a resonator are provided in which two of three transitions are optically allowed and a qubit is expressed by either of quantum states of two levels constituting the remaining optically forbidden transition or by the superposition state thereof. Two physical systems selectively irradiated with two kinds of light, frequency difference thereof corresponding to a transition frequency of the optically forbidden transition for respective physical systems, thereby setting initial states. A two-qubit gate operation is performed by irradiating the two physical systems simultaneously with two kinds of light having frequencies resonant with the optically allowed transitions other than the transitions coupled through the common resonator mode, while increasing an intensity level of one of the two kinds of light and decreasing an intensity level of the other light between start time and finish time of the simultaneous irradiation.

Abstract: In order to provide a single, small apparatus capable of elemental and structural analysis of inorganic matter by utilizing X-rays having non-obstructive and non-contact characteristics there is provided a small, energy distribution type X-ray detector for detecting X-ray fluorescence and subjecting the X-ray fluorescence to elemental and quantative analysis, and a CCD line sensor for performing structural analysis. An X-ray tube target structure that is a Cu layer on an Mo layer is adopted. When excitation is performed using a low accelerating voltage, this is made monochromatic by using a Cu filter to filter the Cu—K lines and the continuous X-rays generated, with the radiation quality (Cu—K lines) thus generated then being utilized in X-ray diffraction.

Abstract: The opto-electronic system for dimension-measuring device comprises a transparent rule (30) comprising at least one portion provided with a succession of opaque graduations (31), a photo-emitter (20), a photo-detector (21), an integrated optical bloc (1) capable of concentrating the light beam generated by the photo-emitter (20) on the rule portion, and of concentrating the light beam having crossed said rule (30) on said photo-detector (21). The optical bloc (1), the photo-emitter (20) and said at least one photo-detector (21) are mounted on the same printed circuit board (2). The rule (30) occupies a plane perpendicular to said printed circuit board (2). The optical bloc comprises optical surfaces disposed opposite each side of said rule (30).

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for determining and/or positioning a sensor of a digital X-ray unit. The device includes an input and output unit, which serve to interactively control the device, and further includes a first storage location in which a digital picture of an area to be examined is stored. The device also includes a second storage location, in which at least one template-shaped image of the sensor is stored, and further includes a processing unit that simulatively places the template-shaped image of at least one sensor onto an area of the digital picture to be examined whereby completely displaying the area to be examined in the event of an actual X-ray picture.

Abstract: A free space all-optical crossbar switches light from a plurality of sources onto a plurality of receivers, in any arbitrary permutation or combination (including one-to-one and many-to-one permutations). The sources and receivers may, for example, be single mode optical fibers. The polarization of the light from each source is controlled by a series of polarization control devices associated with the source so as to obtain desired angular deflections through a series of polarization-dependent angular deflectors in a first deflection unit. A lens may then direct the light from each source towards its desired receiver. An optional second deflection unit containing polarization control devices associated with individual receivers redirects the light so that it is incident normally on the receivers, an advantage if the receivers are single mode optical fibers. Alternative embodiments are described to reduce the number of optical components and to provide uninterrupted high speed data flow.

Abstract: An electron beam tomography (EBT) scanning system comprising an electron source generating an electron beam, a target ring that receives the electron beam and emits an x-ray fan beam upon impingement of the electron beam on the target ring, a pair of detector arrays arranged opposite the target ring, and a collimator arranged concentrically between the target ring and the pair of detector arrays. The collimator has interior and exterior walls concentrically arranged with one another and surrounding a patient examination area. The interior and exterior walls have a first set of apertures aligned to collimate the x-ray fan beam into a first collimated beam having a first width and a second collimated beam having a second width. Each collimated beam may form a single or double tomographic slice. The collimated beams are detected by the pair of detector arrays.

Abstract: A polarization maintaining optical fiber is formed by using a core in a cross sectional shape having different diameters along two orthogonal axes defined on a plane perpendicular to an optical axis, or a photonic crystal structure cladding having a diffraction grating with lattice intervals for realizing confinement of lights within the core which are different along two orthogonal axes defined on a plane perpendicular to an optical axis, or the photonic crystal structure cladding that is divided into four divided portions along a circumferential direction, where at least a part of lattice holes in a first pair of divided portions that are facing each other along one direction have a diameter larger than that of lattice holes in a second pair of divided portions that are facing each other along another direction orthogonal to the one direction.

Abstract: An x-ray tube cooling system including a heat sink at least partially disposed within an evacuated housing of the x-ray tube and having a cooling block partially received within the bearing housing so as to absorb heat transmitted to the bearing assembly and bearing housing. Extended surfaces, are disposed in a coolant chamber cooperatively defined by the cooling block and a shell within which the cooling block is partially received. The shell defines a coolant chamber entrance and coolant chamber exit in fluid communication with the coolant chamber. The coolant chamber entrance and exit communicate with corresponding coolant inlet and outlet passageways, respectively, cooperatively defined by a pair of insulators which retain the heat sink in a predetermined orientation within an evacuated envelope of an x-ray device. A circulating coolant contacts the extended surfaces and thereby removes heat from various structures of the x-ray device.

Abstract: The presented invention concerns an apparatus for detecting the phase and amplitude of electromagnetic waves, comprising at least two modulations photogates which are sensitive to the electromagnetic waves, and accumulating gates which are associated with the modulation photogates and which are not photosensitive, and electrical connections for the modulation photogates and the accumulation gates so that the latter can be connected to a reading-out device and the former can be connected to a modulating device which increases and reduces the potential of the modulation photogates relative to each other and relative to the preferably constant potential of the accumulation gates corresponding to a desired modulation function. It is proposed in accordance with the invention that a plurality of modulation photogates and accumulation gates are provided in the form of long narrow parallel strips which group-wise form a PMD-pixel.

Abstract: An article comprising a support portion that is coupled to an element portion, both of which portions are formed from some of the layers of a multi-layer substrate. In one embodiment, the support portion comprises a torsional member, an actuating plate and a beam, wherein the beam mechanically links the actuating plate and the element portion. At least one torsional member attaches the support portion to the multi-layer substrate and allows the element portion to move independently of the substrate, such as when actuated by an underlying electrode. When actuated, the actuating plate of the support portion is drawn toward the underlying electrode while the element portion rises from a first (unactuated) position within the substrate toward a second (actuated) position outside of the substrate, in see-saw like fashion. The present article is useful in a variety of applications, such as, for example, optical applications where it can be used to form improved chopper switches and optical cross connects.

Abstract: An optical fiber splicer includes a pair of retainers for retaining optical fibers to be spliced, a block formed with a groove of V-shaped cross-section, and abutment and pressure-contact mechanism for sliding terminal portions of the optical fibers in mutually opposite directions along the groove, producing substantially equal elastic forces in the terminal portions, bringing the terminal portions into abutment, and bringing the abutted terminal portions into pressure contact. An optical fiber splicing method includes a step of sliding terminal portions of optical fibers to be spliced along a groove of V-shaped cross-section in mutually opposite directions and producing substantially equal elastic forces in the terminal portions, and a step of bringing the terminal portions into abutment and then bringing the abutted terminal portions into pressure contact.

Abstract: A photodetector array includes a plurality of photodetectors, preferably photodiodes, coupled to a respective plurality of addressable interface circuits. At each pixel, a switching circuit configures neighboring ones of the photodetectors into pixels by summing multiple photodetector signals into an aggregated pixel output signal. The switching circuit is electronically switchable to aggregate said photodetector signals according to at least two different selectable pixellization schemes with differing resolution.

Abstract: A slit structure of an encoder for preventing the position precision at high speed operation from deteriorating.

Abstract: A position measuring system for determining the relative position of a first object and a second object movable relative to one another that includes an incremental track, associated with a first object and having a periodic line structure that has individual lines and a scanning unit, associated with a second object movable relative to the first object, that scans said periodic line structure and that generates a corresponding incremental signal. A sensor system that generates absolute position information pertaining to the relative position of the first and second objects, wherein the width of the individual lines, as measured along a longitudinal direction of the incremental track, varies over at least a portion of the breadth of the incremental track, as measured in a direction transverse to the longitudinal direction, in such a way that a structure with absolute position information is superimposed on the periodic line structure.

Abstract: A method for assembling a population of ferrules to minimize the eccentricity of the fibers typically includes the steps of selecting a set of ferrules, determining the eccentricity of the ferrules, selecting a fiber, inserting the fiber within the ferrule bore, orienting the fiber within the ferrule, and securing the fiber in place. The result is a population of ferrules that can be mated with little or no insertion loss.