Abstract: An electrolysis cell includes an anode that has a low-density region formed from activated carbon and a high-density region formed from a plurality of graphite cylinders. There is a porous barrier that allows transport of water between the anode and a corrosion resistant cathode.

Abstract: An apparatus for electroplating metal on a semiconductor substrate with improved azimuthal uniformity includes in one aspect: a plating chamber configured to contain an electrolyte and an anode; a substrate holder configured to hold the semiconductor substrate; an ionically resistive ionically permeable element (“the element”) configured to be positioned proximate the substrate; and a shield configured for providing azimuthally asymmetrical shielding and positioned between the substrate holder and the element such that the closest distance between the substrate-facing surface of the shield and the working surface of the substrate is less than 2 mm. In some embodiments there is an electrolyte-filled gap between the substrate-facing surface of the element and the shield during electroplating. The substrate-facing surface of the shield may be contoured such that the distance from different positions of the shield to the substrate is varied.

Abstract: An electrolytic tank apparatus includes a tank body and at least one electrode set. The tank body defines an outer tank space for receiving a coolant, and at least one inner tank space that is surrounded by the outer tank space and that is not in fluid communication with the outer tank space. The tank body has a tank wall formed with a coolant inlet and a coolant outlet each communicating with the outer tank space. The electrode set is disposed in the inner tank space and includes at least one cathode plate, at least one anode plate, a cathode-connecting structure that is electrically coupled to the cathode plate, and an anode-connecting structure that is electrically coupled to the anode plate.

Abstract: The present invention provides bio-electrochemical systems having various configurations for the treatment of water, wastewater, gases, and other biodegradable matter. In one aspect, the invention provides bio-electrochemical systems configured for treating wastewater while generating multiple outputs. In another aspect, the invention provides bio-electrochemical systems configured for improving the efficiency of electrodialysis removal systems. In yet another aspect, the invention provides bio-electro-chemical systems configured for use in banks and basins.

Abstract: According to an aspect of the present invention, a hydrogen-containing water generating electrode includes a positive electrode that is a tubular conductor and includes a plurality of openings in a side portion, an insulator that is provided on an outer peripheral portion of the positive electrode and includes a plurality of openings, and a negative electrode that is a tubular conductor provided on an outer peripheral portion of the insulator and includes a plurality of openings in a side portion. The openings of the positive electrode and the openings of the negative electrode are larger than the openings of the insulator.

Abstract: There are provided methods and systems for an electrochemical cell including an anode and a cathode where the anode is contacted with a metal ion that converts the metal ion from a lower oxidation state to a higher oxidation state. The metal ion in the higher oxidation state is reacted with hydrogen gas, an unsaturated hydrocarbon, and/or a saturated hydrocarbon to form products.

Abstract: An electrolysis method of preventing the voltage of an electrolytic bath from rising over time without halting electrolysis and an electrolysis device for executing the method are provided such that: in operation of a two-compartment electrolytic bath, which has a membrane partitioning an anode compartment from a cathode compartment and in which a sulfide ion-containing white liquor for use in a pulp production process is fed into the anode compartment while direct current is supplied to the electrolytic bath to produce polysulfide in the anode compartment through electrolysis, and a sulfide ion-containing white liquor for use in a pulp production process that contains at least one of a scale cleaning agent and a scale inhibitor is fed to the anode compartment.

Abstract: A semiconductor photocatalyst includes first and second layers made of first and second materials, respectively. Band gaps of the first and second materials are equal to or smaller than 1.5 eV and 2.5 eV, respectively. A lower electric potential of a conduction band of the second material is disposed on a positive side from the first material. An upper electric potential of a valence band of the second material is disposed on a positive side from the first material and from an oxidation electric potential of water when the first and second layers are bonded to each other in the hetero junction manner. The lower electric potential of the conduction band of the first layer is disposed on a negative side from a reduction electric potential of hydrogen when the first and second layers are bonded to each other in the hetero junction manner.

Abstract: This invention relates to apparatus for electrochemical deposition onto the surface of a substrate. The apparatus includes an anode electrode 13 a support 12 for supporting the substrate 11 with its one surface 21 exposed at a location, the support 12 and the anode electrode 13 being relatively movable to alter the gap between the anode 13 and the location to define a chamber 23 between them and an electrical power source 18 with an ohmic contact to the seed layer 20 for creating a potential difference across the gap. The apparatus further includes a seal 14 for sealing with the seed layer 20 to define the fluid chamber 23; and the fluid inlet 16 and a fluid outlet 17 to the chamber 13.

Abstract: The apparatus for water treatment using in-situ activation of a manganese dioxide catalyst includes: a reaction bath configured to give a space where aqueous organic contaminants are removed by means of reaction with permanganate (MnO4?) generated by electrochemical oxidation of manganese oxide (MnO2); a plurality of manganese dioxide catalysts provided at the reaction bath and electrochemically oxidized into permanganate (MnO4?) by a voltage applied thereto; and a power supply device configured to apply power to the manganese dioxide catalyst so that the manganese dioxide (MnO2) is electrochemically oxidized into permanganate (MnO4?).

Abstract: A method of synthesizing metal nanoparticles is provided. The method includes submerging an electrically conductive substrate in a polysaccharide solution containing a predetermined concentration of a metal salt; applying an electric potential between the electrically conductive substrate and the polysaccharide solution for a predetermined period of time to form a polysaccharide layer containing metal nanoparticles on the electrically conductive substrate; re-dissolving the polysaccharide layer in a solvent to form a solution including the polysaccharide and the metal nanoparticles; and separating the metal nanoparticles from the polysaccharide.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide an electrical Al plating bath that poses little danger of exploding or igniting as a result of contacting air or water, and contains no benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, or 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, which have detrimental effects to humans. The present invention provides an electrical aluminum or aluminum alloy fused salt plating bath that is obtained by heat treatment of an electrical aluminum or aluminum alloy fused salt plating bath containing (A) a halogenated aluminum as the primary component and (B) at least one other type of halide after adding (C) one, two or more reducible compounds selected from the group consisting of hydrides of elements in Group 1 Periods 2 through 6 of the Periodic Table of Elements and/or hydrides of Group 13 Periods 2 through 6 of the Periodic Table of Elements and amine borane compounds.

Abstract: An electroplating system includes a processor has a vessel having a first or upper compartment and a second or lower compartment containing catholyte and anolyte, respectively, with an processor anionic membrane between them. An inert anode is located in the second compartment. A replenisher is connected to the vessel via catholyte return and supply lines and anolyte return and supply lines, to circulate catholyte and anolyte through compartments in the replenisher separated by a replenisher anionic membrane. The replenisher adds metal ions into the catholyte by moving ions from a bulk metal source, and moves anions from the anolyte through the anionic membrane and into the catholyte. Concentrations or metal ions and anions in the catholyte and the anolyte remain balanced.

Abstract: An ozonated water generating device includes a first housing, a second housing on the first housing, and a catalytic electrode disposed in a space in the first and second housings. The catalytic electrode includes an anode, a cation exchange membrane, and a cathode. The device includes a cushion at least one between the anode and the first housing and between the cathode and the second housing, and at least one pusher in at least one of the first housing and the second housing. The pusher penetrates the first or second housing to push the cushion toward the catalytic electrode, or to directly push the catalytic electrode. The pusher is positioned to ensure pushing on at least the center of the catalytic electrode. And the pressure of the pusher brings the anode, the cation exchange membrane, and the cathode into pressure contact with each other.

Abstract: According to an aspect, a hydrogen-containing water generating electrode includes: a positive electrode that is a tubular conductor and includes a plurality of openings in a side portion; an insulator that is provided on an outer peripheral portion of the positive electrode and is in contact with the positive electrode; and a negative electrode that is provided on an outer peripheral portion of the insulator, is a tubular conductor in contact with the insulator, and includes a plurality of openings in a side portion.

Abstract: An apparatus for preparing hydrogen water includes: an electrolysis device configured to electrolyze water and including an electrode module formed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, and an auxiliary electrode, wherein the electrolysis device is divided into a first chamber and a second chamber with the electrode module as a center; a hydrogen water discharge port configured to discharge hydrogen water including active hydrogen generated at the negative electrode of the first chamber, by being arranged in the first chamber; a spray port configured to spray water toward the negative electrode, by being arranged in the first chamber; an ozone water discharge port configured to discharge water including ozone generated at the positive electrode of the second chamber; a storage tank configured to store hydrogen water and sterilizing water in an internal space thereof, by being connected to a first flow channel connected to the hydrogen water discharge port and to

Abstract: A liquid transport apparatus includes: a U-shaped vessel for storing the liquid; an inverse conically shaped body which is hollow and has an opening part of an upper end and an opening part of a lower end; and a rotating disk driving motor part for rotating the inverse conically shaped body on an axis extending along a substantially vertical direction. The opening part of the lower end of the inverse conically shaped body is immersed in the liquid stored in the U-shaped vessel. In the liquid transport apparatus, an overflow opening part for keeping constant a distance between the opening part of the lower end of the inverse conically shaped body and a surface of the liquid stored in the U-shaped vessel is formed.

Abstract: A waste water treatment system utilizing a series of individual modules which, when assembled, form a beginning contaminate collection chamber attached at the starting end of a main fluid treatment tank in which is housed an array of anodes and cathodes. A center contaminate collection chamber can be attached at the oppose end of the main treatment tank which provides an internal fluid pathway to allow fluid transfer from the first treatment tank into a second treatment tank. Alternatively, the center contaminate collection chamber can be used when multiples of treatment tanks are assembled to work in tandem, or an ending contaminate collection chamber can be attached to an ending treatment module to complete the expandable waste water treatment system. Expandability of the system can therefore accommodate various waste water treatment mechanisms, residence time and manner of treatment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a busbar arrangement for heavy-duty aluminum electrolyzers when said electrolyzers have a longitudinal position. The busbar arrangement comprises anode busbars, risers and cathode rods, which are divided into groups, each of which is connected to separate cathode busbars, wherein the cathode busbars for the groups of rods closest to the input end of the preceding electrolyzer are connected to the risers positioned at the input end of the following electrolyzer, and the remaining groups of cathode rods are connected to the risers at the output end of the following electrolyzer.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to coated electrodes comprising an electrically conductive substrate and a polymeric coating, and to methods for the preparation of the same.