Abstract: An optical homodyne microscope is disclosed which detects phase modulation of the optical radiation that is reflected from an object under study which is in a state of periodic motion. The dimensions of the object may be smaller than the optical wavelength with this technique. By analyzing the resultant phase modulation spectrum, information concerning the shape of the object can be obtained.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting the presence and/or determining the intensity and/or determining the wavelength and/or determining the threshold direction of coherent radiation in the presence of incoherent ambient radiation.A preferred form of apparatus includes a Fabry-Perot etalon having three regions of different thickness such that the optical phase difference between the second region and third adjacent region is less than .pi.

Abstract: The wide-angle zoom lens system comprises a divergent lens group and a convergent lens group in the order from the object side, both of the lens groups being movable on the optical axis of the lens system to vary the air space between the two groups so that the magnification of the image is variable while the image plane is being maintained at a fixed position. The divergent lens group includes four air-spaced components which are, in the order from the object side, a first positive component with the more curved surface facing the object side, a first negative component with the more curved surface facing the image side, a second negative component with the more curved surface facing the image side and a first positive meniscus component convex to the object side. The first positive component and the first negative component define therebetween an air chamber having convergent power.

Abstract: A method and devices for sensing changes in separation of a first member relative to a second member, as well as variables causing such changes is disclosed. Electromagnetic waves diffracted by means included in said first member interact with waves from means included in said second member to form a characteristic interference pattern. Measured changes in this pattern allow determination of changes in separation.

Abstract: One type of smoke detector has a housing forming a dark chamber into which light is directed on a path viewed by a smoke sensing photocell. Smoke in the viewed light path scatters light to the cell exciting the cell to alarm state if the smoke is of density predetermined to be dangerous. The detector is tested for its ability to respond to the predetermined smoke density by means of an external owner-operated button. Depressing the button turns a lever or bell crank which intercepts the light path in the chamber and scatters light to one or more large areas within the dark chamber. These secondary areas in turn rescatter the scattered light to the photocell simulating smoke and exciting the cell to alarm state.The primary light scattering surface of the bell crank and the areas of secondary light scatter are large enough that the light ultimately scattered to the photocell is equivalent to that scattered by smoke of the predetermined density.

Abstract: An objective lens system for microscopes having a large N.A. and a long working distance comprising a first positive lens component, a second single or cemented meniscus lens component, a third negative cemented meniscus lens component and a fourth positive lens component. Said objective lens system is so designed as to satisfy the conditions enumerated hereunder:(1) f/4<d.sub.6 +d.sub.7 <f/1.5(2) 0.1f<r.sub.5 <0.35f0.1f<-r.sub.6 <0.35f(3) .nu..sub.2 >40.nu..sub.5' .nu..sub.6 >55.nu..sub.

Abstract: An interferometer is disclosed, preferably of the Michelson type, in which the reflectors associated with the interferometer arms are stationary, and scanning is accomplished by motion of a wedge-shaped refractive element in one of the arms, the orientation of the refractive element and its direction of motion being in specific mathematically derived directions which minimize the translatory displacement of the transmitted optical beam.

Abstract: An objective for endoscopes to be used in such endoscope arranged to transmit an image of an object by a plural number or relay lens groups and basically comprising a front diverging lens group, which comprises a negative lens, and a rear converging lens group, which comprises a positive lens and positive cemented doublet. The objective for endoscopes is arranged so that aberrations of the endoscope as a whole including the relay lens groups are corrected favorably.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catadioptric optical system provided with two-reflecting surfaces, or a reflecting-refractive type objective.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for directly obtaining displacement-amplitude information from a quadrature-dual interferometer. The system uses a "mini-wiggler" to introduce phase shift into the reference beam, as by oscillating a reference mirror with a piezo-electric crystal. The mini-wiggler produces relatively small phase perturbations of the order of 0.001.lambda. at a frequency at either edge or in the middle of the signal frequency band. The system uses a signal-processing circuit to obtain displacement amplitude directly. The purpose of the mini-wiggler is to produce a "pilot" signal of known amplitude and phase from which the correction terms needed to compensate for variations in the interferometer state, such as those caused by vibration, large variation, drift, and the like, are derived and can be applied by means of another signal processing circuit.

Abstract: Lens diopter measuring device includes a first and a second diopter scales which have the same but oppositely directed graduations. Correct identification of the diopters of an astigmatic lens can be obtained by bringing the second scale to zero reading at the first focus position and then adjusting the device to the second focus position.

Abstract: A waveguide system includes a unitary elastomer waveguide means having radiation propagating therethrough. The unitary waveguide means is shaped to have at one end a coupling means and at the other end a plurality of individual waveguide means with field means for selectively attenuating the radiation in selected ones of the individual waveguide means. The system is positioned with respect to an imaging surface so that radiation emanating from the individual waveguide means strikes the imaging surface to form a line pattern of radiated and non-radiated bits.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for testing surface defect on an object are disclosed, which comprise an illumination means for illuminating collimated lights onto a surface of the object obliquely to the surface and from two symmetrical directions, a sensor composed of a TV camera or a linear image sensor for sensing diffused reflected lights from the surface of the object in the direction perpendicular to the surface, a classification means for discriminating the sensed image signal by a threshold level which is higher than an average level of the image signal and a threshold level which is lower than the average level to determine the surface defect pattern as a broken cavity pattern or a pit or crack pattern by the discriminated signals, and a discrimination means for calculating L.sup.2 -4.pi.S, where S is an area of the defect and L is a length of the contour, when signal discriminated by the lower threshold level is produced to discriminate the pit pattern and the crack pattern by determining whether L.sup.2 -4.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a security device which detects tampering with secured closure. A fiber optic bundle is looped through a closure and secured at opposite ends of the bundle to a snap-together connector. An intermediate length of the fiber optic bundle surrounds the snap-together connector preventing access to its locking mechanism unless fibers are severed. After installation, light is passed through the fiber optics and a particular pattern is generated at a viewing end of the connector. Tampering with the closure will cause individual fiber optics to be disturbed or cut so that subsequent viewing of the fiber optics will generate a different viewing pattern than originally observed.

Abstract: Two lens groups are arranged symmetrically on opposite sides of a mirror which may be a half-mirror or a dichroic mirror. The mirror is oriented perpendicular to the optical axis of the lens groups. A light image incident on the lens assembly at an angle to the optical axis is split into two beams, one beam being transmitted through the mirror and the other being reflected by the mirror. The refraction of the two beams is the same since the reflected beam passes through the front lens group twice. Where the mirror is dichroic the beams constitute color components of the light image above and below the cutoff wavelength of the dichroic mirror.

Abstract: A zoom lens having a wide field angle and two movable groupings to vary the equivalent focal length, the front grouping comprising a front positive group, a negative group comprising a plurality of negative elements, and a rear positive group. In zooming the rear grouping moves forward to increase the equivalent focal length while the front grouping moves backward to maintain the image plane. The front grouping is independently movable for focusing.

Abstract: A large aperture miniature wide-angle zoom lens system is constructed as a two component-type lens system comprising a front lens group which is movable relative to a rear lens group. The front lens group is composed of four lens elements, and the rear lens group is composed of either five or six lens elements. In order from the object side to the image side, the first lens is a positive lens having its surface of greater curvature directed toward the object. The second lens is a negative meniscus lens, and the third lens is a double concave lens. The surfaces of greater curvature of both the second and third lenses are directed toward the image. The fourth lens is a positive lens having its surface of greater curvature directed toward the object. The front lens group composed of the first, second, third and fourth lenses has a negative resultant focal length.

Abstract: In a wide angle zoom lens system which comprises a diverging lens group and a converging lens group in order from the object side and in which both of the groups are movable on the optical axis of the lens system to vary the air space between the two groups so that the magnification of the image is variable while the image plane is being maintained at a fixed position, the diverging lens group comprises, in order from the object side, a negative meniscus lens component convex to the object side, a negative meniscus lens component convex to the object side, and a positive meniscus lens component convex to the object side, and the converging lens group comprises at least four positive lens components which are separate from one another, a positive lens component being closest to the object side, a positive lens compartment being closest to the image and a negative lens component disposed among the at least four positive lens components.

Abstract: A meniscus lens is disclosed for use in high power light beam applications, such as in the optics of a high power laser where the laser beam intensity is in excess of one megawatt per square centimeter. The meniscus lens is designed such that light rays reflected from the lens are divergent so that no back focal points are created by the lens. In this manner, undesired dielectric breakdowns and damage to optical components and the like are avoided due to reflected back focal points. In one embodiment of the present invention, the output mirror of a high power laser is deposited upon the convex face of a meniscus lens, such lens being designed to avoid back focal points, whereby the construction of the output mirror is greatly simplified.

Abstract: A miniaturized semi-wide-angle photographic lens having a field of view angle of from .+-.27.degree. to .+-.28.degree. is composed of five lenses grouped in four lens components. In order from the object side to the image side, the first lens is a positive lens having its surface of greater curvature toward the object, and the second lens is a double concave lens. The third lens and the fourth lens are respectively a negative lens and a positive lens, both of which constitute a cemented doublet lens. The fifth lens is a positive meniscus lens having its surface of greater curvature toward the image.