Abstract: A liquid crystal composition comprising one or more types compounds represented by general formula II: ##STR1## and one or more types of compounds selected from the group consisting of: ##STR2## wherein R, rings A and B, X, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4 and m are defined herein.

Abstract: Optically active biphenyl derivatives including optically active biphenyl carboxylic acid derivative, hydroxybiphenyl derivative, alkoxybiphenylalkanol derivative and alkoxybiphenylalkanol derivative have the following structural formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group of 3-20 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 represents an alkyl group or alkoxyalkyl group of 1-20 carbon atoms which may optionally be substituted with at least one halogen atom. X represents --O--, --COO-- or --OCO--, m represents 0 or 1, n represents an integer of 1-6 and p represents 0 or 1, and the * mark represents an asymmetric carbon atom. These optically active biphenyl derivatives are useful as a ferroelectric liquid crystal material or its component having a sufficient spontaneous polarization and by which a high speed response is possible and which further exhibits a ferroelectric liquid crystal phase in a temperature region around room temperature.

Abstract: Novel triphenylene compounds which contain, bonded to the triphenylene framework, at least three ethylenically unsaturated groups or groups carrying oxiranyl or thiiranyl groups, and a process for the preparation of discotic liquid crystalline crosslinked polymers.

Abstract: The synthesis of a high-molecular weight phosphorus-containing polyester flame retardant is disclosed. A metal complex is selected as the catalyst to catalyze the addition reaction of phosphorus compounds and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids in the presence of saturated dicarboxylic acids and diols at a relatively lower temperture in one single reactor to form phosphorus-containing diacids, followed by esterification and polymerization to complete the process.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by disposing a chiral smectic liquid crystal between a pair of substrates each provided with an electrode and a uniaxial alignment film. The chiral smectic liquid crystal is placed in such a quasi-smectic A alignment state that the liquid crystal molecules will have a single average molecular axis under no electric field application on a lower temperature side within chiral smectic C phase range, wherein the single average molecular axis can be confirmed as a position providing the darkest state when observed through cross nicol polarizers. Such a quasi-smectic A alignment state is effective in providing a liquid crystal device (or display apparatus) having an improved shock resistance and a good low-temperature storage properties.

Abstract: Optically active 1,3-dioxolane derivatives which carry a mesogenic radical in the 4-position and have the general formula (I) ##STR1## are suitable for use as doping agents in liquid-crystal mixtures--in particular ferroelectric liquid-crystal mixtures. The symbols in the general formula have the following meanings:R.sup.1 is composed analogously to the part of the general formula on the right-hand side of X or is an alkyl or alkylene radical which can be substituted,R.sup.2, R.sub.3 and R.sup.4 are H or alkyl (R.sup.4 is also alkenyl) which can also be substituted [R.sup.2 and R.sup.3, together with the C(2) of the dioxolane ring are also a cycloaliphatic radical or a keto group], J, l and n are zero, 1 or 2 and k and m are zero or 1, subject to the proviso that, if k is zero n is zero and if n is zero m is zero and 1.ltoreq.J+l+n.ltoreq.3,--A.sup.1, --A.sup.2 and --A.sup.3 are an aromatic, heterocyclic or aliphatic ring system, --M.sup.1 and --M.sup.2 are --CO--O, --0--CO, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2, --CH.dbd.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel phenanthrene derivatives of the formula (I) which are particularly suitable for use in liquid-crystal mixtures. The compounds of formula (I) have a broad range of applications. Depending on the choice of substituents, they can be used as base materials from which liquid-crystalline phases are predominantly composed. They can also be added to liquid-crystalline base materials to modify the dielectric and/or optical anisotropy of a dielectric and to optimize its threshold voltage or viscosity. Liquid-crystalline mixtures containing compounds of formula (I) are particularly suitable for use in electrooptical switching and display devices.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition having a low threshold voltage and a suitably large optical anisotropy, while retaining a high specific resistance value, is provided,which composition is composed of compounds expressed by the formulas (1), (2) and (4): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.4 each represent an alkyl group of 1 to 10C; n represents 0 or 1; A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3 and A.sup.4 represent trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene; Z.sup.1, Z.sup.3 and Z.sup.4 represent --C.sub.2 H.sub.4 -- or a single bond; and X.sup.1, X.sup.4 and X.sup.5 represent H or F,use of which composition can realize an active matrix type liquid crystal display element of a low drive voltage, a low power consumption and a high speed response.

Abstract: Optically active, mesogenic 1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxylates are suitable as dopes in liquid-crystal mixtures. They result in liquid-crystalline ferroelectric phases having short switching times and in electroclinic phases having large electroclinic coefficients. Their particular advantage is that they induce a helix of very large pitch, meaning that helix compensation by further dopes is unnecessary. In addition, the 1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxylates exhibit high UV stability.

Abstract: A chain polymeric liquid crystal compound having a structure expressed by the following general formula [I] as a flexible spacer and a chain polymeric liquid crystal copolymer compound, a polymeric liquid crystal composition containing at least one of their compounds and at least any one of a polymeric compound, a polymeric liquid crystal compound, a low molecular weight liquid crystal compound and a low molecular weight liquid crystal compound, a polymeric liquid crystal device which uses the same, and an apparatus and a method which use the polymeric liquid crystal device: ##STR1## (where X is --O--, --O--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --, --O--CH.sub.2 --, ##STR2## Y is --(CH.sub.2).sub.n -- (n=1 to 18), Z is a halogen atom, an alkyl group or an alkoxy group, and * is an asymmetric carbon atom).

Abstract: A ferroelectric, liquid-crystalline polymer is composed of repeating units of the formula (I) ##STR1## in which Y=H, CH.sub.3 or F,R.sup.1 =a radical having at least two chiral centers such as for example ##STR2## a=2 to 20, preferably 6 to 12, b,c,d,e and f=0 or 1 with the proviso that d+e+f=2 or 3,A.sup.1,A.sup.2 and A.sup.3 =for example, 1,4-phenylene, cyclohexylene or 2,5-pyrimidinediyl,M.sup.2 and M.sup.3 =CO--O, O--CO, CO--S, S--CO, CH.sub.2 --O, O--CH.sub.2, and ##STR3## These liquid-crystalline polymers have short response times and resistance to mechanical stresses.They can be prepared by free-radical polymerization.

Abstract: A novel LCP material based on forked side chain acrylates is disclosed having a general formula I; ##STR1## wherein W=H, CH.sub.3, Cl R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may or may not be the same but have the following general structure: ##STR2## p=2 to 14; q=0 or 1;r=1 or 2;s=1 or 2;X=O, CO.sub.2, O.sub.2 C, CH.sub.2 ;Y=C.sub.2 H.sub.4, O, CO.sub.2, O.sub.2 C;Z=CN, halogen, R, CO.sub.2 R, OR, O.sub.2 CR, wherein R=chiral or achiral.

Abstract: 2-Fluoropyridines, processes for their preparation and their use in ferroelectric liquid crystal mixturesA 2-fluoropyridine of the formula (I) ##STR1## in which the symbols have the following meaning: R.sup.1, R.sup.2, independently of one another, are, for example, H or straight-chain or branched alkyl, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, A.sup.4, identical or different, are, for example, 1-phenylene, pyrazine-2,5-diyl or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, M.sup.1, M.sup.2, M.sup.3, M.sup.4, identical or different, are, for example, --O-- or --CO--O--, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, independently of one another, are, for example, H or straight-chain or branched alkyl, M.sup.5 is, for example, --O--CO-- or a single bond, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r are zero or one, with the proviso that the sum of k+m+p+r is less than 4 and greater than zero, can advantageously be used as a component in ferroelectric liquid crystal mixtures.

Abstract: An aromatic compound of the formula (I)R.sup.1 (--A.sup.1).sub.a (--M.sup.1).sub.b (--A.sup.2).sub.c (--M.sup.2).sub.d --B(--M.sup.3).sub.c (--A.sup.3).sub.f (--M.sup.4).sub.g (--A.sup.4).sub.h --R.sub.2 (I)in whichB is one of the two following aromatic groups: ##STR1## Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2, Q.sup.3 and Q.sup.4 are identical or different and are CH.sub.2, CF.sub.2, N--R.sup.3, S, O or C.dbd.O;P.sup.1, P.sup.2 and P.sup.3 are identical or different and are C--H, C--F or N; andthe remaining symbols and indicies define mesogenic radicals, The compounds are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline mixtures.

Abstract: A silacyclohexane compound of the following formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R represents an organic residue; ##STR2## represents a trans-1-sila-1,4-cyclohexylene group or trans-4-sila-1,4-cyclohexylene group having a substituent of H, F, Cl or CH.sub.3 ; L.sub.1 represents F, L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 independently represent H, F, Cl or CH.sub.3 ; X represents an organic residue, F or Cl; and n is an integer of 0, 1, or 2 and a and b are, respectively, 0 or 1 provided that a+b=1. Silacyclohexane compounds are useful in liquid crystal compositions and also in liquid crystal devices.

Abstract: There is provided a means of cellular level therapy or prophylaxis whereby endocytosable particles are administered so as to emit cytotoxic radiation or to release metal cations having a therapeutic or prophylactic effect, eg. a vital replication suppressing effect, within cells such as macrophages following their uptake by these cells.

Abstract: The preferred oligomers of the present invention are polyureas having a number average molecular weight of <10,000. These oligomers are water-soluble, have a rigid backbone, have recurring units coupled by carbonyl linking moieties which have anionic groups, display predominantly linear geometry such that regular spacing between anionic groups exists in an aqueous medium, and are pharmaceutically-acceptable. These oligomers are prepared by reacting an aromatic diamine with a difunctional electrophile, in the presence of an acid acceptor, in water as the solvent or water with up to about 1 mole of water immiscible cosolvent, at a temperature of from 0.degree. to 100.degree. C. and at a pH between about 7 to about 9. The oligomers are useful for the treatment and/or diagnosis of AIDS and ARC.

Abstract: The invention features a method of blood pool imaging which utilizes an imaging agent which can be easily labelled with a radioactive isotope and injected into a patient. The imaging agent is a covalent conjugate of a polymeric carrier, protective groups, and chelating groups. The imaging agent is preferably provided in the form of a blood pool imaging composition, which includes an imaging agent of the invention, a buffer and a reducing compound. A radioactive isotope is added to the blood pool imaging composition to label the imaging agent, and the composition containing the labelled imaging agent is injected intravenously into a patient.

Abstract: A ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition, comprising at least one optically active compound represented by the following formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms capable of having a subtituent; X.sub.1 denotes a single bond, ##STR2## Z denotes a single bond or ##STR3## denotes ##STR4## and n is an integer of 1-12; and at least one compound represented by the following formula (II): ##STR5## wherein R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 respectively denote a linear or branched optically inactive alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms capable of having an alkoxy group of 1-12 carbon atoms; X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 respectively denote a single bond, ##STR6## and p and q are respectively 0, 1 or 2 with proviso that both of p and q are not 0.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for replacing a carboxylic acid group with a fluorine .[.group.]. in a halogenated aliphatic carboxylic acid compound having the formula, R-COOH, to prepare a fluorinated product having the formula, R-F, wherein R is a halogenated aliphatic group including straight- and branched-chain aliphatic groups selected from the group consisting of halogenated aliphatic and .Iadd.halogenated .Iaddend.alkoxy-substituted .[.halogenated.]. aliphatic groups, wherein the method comprises the step of (a) reacting the halogenated aliphatic carboxylic acid compound with bromine trifluoride, and (b) recovering the fluorinated product.