Abstract: The invention relates to an image display cell in which a 4,4'-bipyridinium compound is used as a reduceable redox material. According to the invention said redox material is dissolved in a cell medium which contains a mixture of water and an electrochemically inert organic solvent. A suitable organic solvent is, for example, dimethyl sulfoxide. As a result crystallization of the solution takes place only at temperatures far below 0.degree. C so that the picture display cell can also be used at lower temperatures. The 4,4'-bipyridinium compound may be so chosen that the resulting picture can be erased directly electrochemically without the use of an auxiliary couple.

Abstract: This invention comprises methods and apparatus for bonding a transmission type III-V photocathode to a transparent substrate. An R.F. susceptor arrangement produces a marked temperature gradient for allowing the surface of the glass to conform to the shape of the semiconductor material without softening the bulk of the glass. The bonded assembly is then carefully annealed in an annealing furnace.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the recovery of metal values from an electrolyte in an electrodeposition or electrowinning cell are disclosed. A bottom baffle assembly supporting a plurality of bubble tubes and alignment devices is urged upward from the bottom of the electrolytic cell. An electrode assembly, having alignment means which cooperate with the alignment devices on the bottom baffle assembly, engages and aligns with the bottom baffle assembly when the electrode assembly is lowered into the electrolyte. Thereby, the bubble tubes are aligned to provide sheets of bubbles between the anode and cathode faces. The invention also features methods and apparatus for separating the electrodes, after the electrodeposition or electrowinning process, by pulling them apart in the horizontal direction to minimize the chance of damage to the electrodes.

Abstract: Feed cathode for an electrolytic cell with a feed conduit suited to pass a metal compound therethrough from a source to an electrolyte in the cell. The feed cathode includes a member surrounding and substantially entirely enclosing at least an outlet of the conduit. The member is at least partially formed of an electrically conductive foraminous body suited to pass the electrolyte and ions of a multivalent metal compound therethrough. Preferably, the foraminous body has an electrical coefficient of greater than zero to about 1 and a flow coefficient of from about 0.1 to about 300.

Abstract: In a method for electrochemical machining effected by disposing a work blank and a cathode opposite each other across a gap in an electrolyte and causing a flow of electric current to pass between said work blank and cathode, an improvement is disclosed which consists in using, as the electric current, a pulsating electric current having a pulse width of from 0.01 to 10 ms and a duty factor of not more than 0.5. Use of the pulsating electric current of the foregoing description in place of direct current enables the desired machining to be accomplished effectively on the work blank without involving any forced movement of the electrolyte.

Abstract: Apparatus for etching fine grooves in surfaces by the combination of pulsed currents in a modified Electro-Chemical Machining method in combination with a flow guiding template.The apparatus is very suitable for the etching of grooves in a surface used in a bearing.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrode for use in an electrochemical reactor. The electrode comprising a plurality of carbon fibers in close proximity to one another, each of the fibers being in electrical contact with at least several of the other carbon fibers for transmitting an electrical potential substantially throughout the electrode when the electrode is in use in the reactor.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrode for use in an electrochemical reactor. The electrode comprising a plurality of carbon fibers in close proximity to one another, each of the fibers being in electrical contact with at least several of the other carbon fibers for transmitting an electrical potential substantially throughout the electrode when the electrode is in use in the reactor.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrode for use in an electrochemical reactor. The electrode comprising a plurality of metallic filaments consisting of carbon fibers coated with a metal, each of the metallic filaments being in electrical contact with at least several of the other metallic filaments for transmitting an electrical potential substantially throughout the electrode when the electrode is in use in the reactor.

Abstract: An electrochemical grinding process is controlled by the use of a feed-rate indicating device which calculates and displaces the feed-rate (V) of a workpiece and a grinding wheel which are displaced relatively toward one another. The feed rate V is determined by the relationshipV = A p/h + B/.sqroot.hwhere h is the cutting depth, p is the force for driving the wheel electrode in terms of nominal kilowatt power rating P per unit width w of the cutting area, and A and B are constants. These constants are determined between values of A of 150 to 156, exclusive, and values of B from 5.8 to 11.4, exclusive for current densities of 60 to 80 amperes cm.sup.2, respectively, by extrapolation.

Abstract: A vertical electrolytic cell has an anode separated from a cathode by a diaphragm. The cathode comprises continuous threads of mercury flowing down by gravity from evenly distributed apertures in the bottom wall of at least one channel fed with mercury.

Abstract: An electrical connector is described which has a helical form with its axis being parallel to the plane of each of the conductor bars to which it is directly connected. The helix has an open pitch which promotes air circulation for cool operation and the design reduces the amount of conductive metal utilized in the connection as well as being a cheaper, less complicated structure than previously known.

Abstract: System for electric extraction of non-ferrous metals from their solutions. The system includes means for applying a reversing electric current of different duration for the current for the electric extraction and the dissolution. The system has means for conducting the process simultaneously in two groups of electrolytic baths, the electric current for dissolution for each group of electrolytic baths being provided by the electric current for electric extraction in the other group of electrolytic baths.

Abstract: An apparatus for electroerosion within a solid component which includes a hollow stationary cylinder, a control rod surrounded by and coaxial with the cylinder, a driving square terminating one end of the rod and an electrode connected to said driving square. The electrode is pivotable around an axis perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder, movable together with the rod along the axis of the cylinder, positionable perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder and rotatable around the axis. The method comprises machining a pilot channel in the solid component having a cross-sectional identical with the aperture cross-section of the proposed cavity, introducing an electrode into the channel, moving the electrode relative to the solid component and removing material from the cavity so formed in the solid component.

Abstract: A thin film of low magnetostriction Permalloy 80% nickel - 20% iron .+-. 1% is electroplated in a bath having a ratio of about 1.8:1 to 24:1 g/liter ratio of Ni to Fe ions with a plating current density from 10 ma/cm.sup.2 - 200 ma/cm.sup.2 when plating in sheet form or an Ni/Fe ratio of 25:1 to 85:1 with a current density of 2 ma/cm.sup.2 - 110 ma/cm.sup.2 when plating through a mask. The fluid in the system is constantly mixed, replenished with fresh iron, acid, and other reagents, is adjusted in temperature and subjected to a continuous laminar regime of mixing. Fresh solution is added to the bath from a reservoir where the above adjustments are made. The inlet for the fresh solution is at the lower end of the plating chamber and directed at a bath mixer which includes a slot through which the fresh solution is directed to optimize mixing in the plating chamber. Complexing agents are avoided. High speed plating is obtained with about 24.4 g/l of Ni.sup.++, 1.05 g/l of Fe.sup.++, 25 g/l of H.sub.3 BO.sub.

Abstract: A horizontal electrolyzer comprises a mercury cathode, an anode located above the cathode and an inclined diaphragm separating the cathode from the anode, the cathode, diaphragm and anode being substantially parallel. The cathode consists of mercury flowing longitudinally in a plurality of channels which are vertically offset with respect to each other.

Abstract: A cathode-structure for liquid-phase electrolysis comprises a cathode and a polymer containing a cation exchange group, with the polymer being laminated in the form of a film on one surface of the cathode.

Abstract: A novel electrolytic system, especially suitable for chlorate manufacture, is provided constituted by a novel electrolyzer and a novel reactor. The electrolyzer is designed for multicell assembly employing sheet metal electrodes and includes construction specially designed to hold the electrodes in place and to minimize internal liquor overflow within the cells. Electrolyte flow from cell to adjacent cell is in one direction only, and electrolyte product flow from cell to adjacent cell is in the opposite direction only. The flooded reactor provides suitable electrolyte retention time, temperature and product composition control, respectively, as well as gas separation with liquor level controlled for flooded electrolyzer system. A pipe riser is employed with liquor interconnection means to cause flow between the electrolyzer and the reactor.

Abstract: A body, e.g. a die or tool for use in electrical machining, is shaped by milling and/or electrical methods using a tool head oriented at a perpendicular to the contour to be shaped by reason of input signals to the several servomotors or controls of the tool head and/or sensor head. The latter is displaceable with at least three degrees of freedom, preferably including angular displacement in two mutually perpendicular planes, while the workpiece and tool may be positioned mutually with at least two additional degrees of freedom. The workpiece is finished by fluid honing with a similarly orientable nozzle.

Abstract: An electrode assembly is disclosed which includes a common electrode riser and two opposed working faces. A movable, electrically conductive, downwardly opening gas baffle is provided between the faces to connect the faces to the riser and to bias the faces away from one another. The baffle also directs flow of electrically produced gases between the faces from an upward to a primarily sideways direction parallel to said faces. A diaphragm can surround the electrode assembly, if desired.A method of assembling a diaphragm-type electrolytic cell is disclosed.