Abstract: In analyzing the texture of rolled metal sheets and strips by means of X-rays or .gamma.-rays that penetrate them, the total beam emitted by the source of radiation is divided by collimators into several component beams, and each component beam is aimed at a different angle at a component area of the sheet or strip being tested. The diffracted radiation that penetrates the sheet is analyzed in accordance with its energy distribution in detectors and the results are processed in a computer.

Abstract: A microscope consisting of an x-ray contact microscope and an optical microscope. The optical, phase contrast, microscope is used to align a target with respect to a source of soft x-rays. The source of soft x-rays preferably comprises an x-ray laser but could comprise a synchrotron or other pulse source of x-rays. Transparent resist material is used to support the target. The optical microscope is located on the opposite side of the transparent resist material from the target and is employed to align the target with respect to the anticipated soft x-ray laser beam. After alignment with the use of the optical microscope, the target is exposed to the soft x-ray laser beam. The x-ray sensitive transparent resist material whose chemical bonds are altered by the x-ray beam passing through the target materGOVERNMENT LICENSE RIGHTSThis invention was made with government support under Contract No. De-FG02-86ER13609 awarded by the Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in this invention.

Abstract: A system for measuring the charge distribution on a photoreceptor plate which has been exposed to X-ray radiations to form an image of an object thereon is disclosed. The system comprises a transparent sensor electrode adapted to be positioned over the photoreceptor plate, means for scanning a pulsed laser beam through the transparent sensor electrode to discharge the photoreceptor surface charge pixel-by-pixel and so induce a corresponding voltage on the sensor electrode to be read by a suitable read-out device, such sensor electrode being of sufficient width so as to achieve good capacitive coupling with the region around the area to be discharged by the laser, and means for moving the sensor electrode or the photoreceptor plate step by step or continuously transversely of the laser scanning direction for reading out the image impressed on the photoreceptor surface.

Abstract: In an energy spectroscopy system in which the photon detector such as a germanium detector provides pulses indicative of incident gamma or x-ray radiation, compensation circuitry corrects the amplified pulse output for charge trapping effects in the detector. The compensated output is provided to a prior art multichannel analyzer. The compensation circuit adds to the detected pulse a correction factor proportional to a polynomial function of charge collection time of the carrier being trapped multiplied by the amplitude of the pulse. In this manner, the output pulse is increased to compensate for impediments to charged carrier migration within the structure of the detector, and resolution is improved.

Abstract: A system for measuring electromagnetic radiation originating from the hemhere corresponding to a solid angle of 2.pi. is provided wherein a highly sensitive low-inertia detector is disposed below a transmissive dome and wherein the chopped light detection method is utilized. There are provided above the transmissive dome two similarly or differently designed modulators which are in the shape of dome segments and which are fitted into each other. At least one of the modulators rotates about their common vertical axis or the modulators may both rotate about the common vertical axis, either at the same or a different speed in the same direction or in opposite directions.

Abstract: An X-ray tube exposure monitor for recording the emissions from a diagnostic X-ray tube. A photo diode is mounted inside the X-ray tube bulkhead and detects radiation from the X-ray tube. The photo diode is connected to a high gain amplifier and, in response to radiation being detected, the output of the amplifier sends an electronic signal to a microprocessor. The microprocessor records the emission duration and the temperature of oil around the X-ray tube and increments an exposure count. The recording and exposure count is stored in non-volatile memory which is read later by a service technician.

Abstract: A non-planar, focusing mirror, to be utilized in both electron column instruments and micro-x-ray fluorescence instruments for performing chemical microanalysis on a sample, comprises a concave, generally spherical base substrate and a predetermined number of alternating layers of high atomic number material and low atomic number material contiguously formed on the base substrate. The thickness of each layer is an integral multiple of the wavelength being reflected and may vary non-uniformly according to a predetermined design. The chemical analytical instruments in which the mirror is used also include a predetermined energy source for directing energy onto the sample and a detector for receiving and detecting the x-rays emitted from the sample; the non-planar mirror is located between the sample and detector and collects the x-rays emitted from the sample at a large solid angle and focuses the collected x-rays to the sample.For electron column instruments, the wavelengths of interest lie above 1.

Abstract: A method and a device for inspecting a joint such as the joint at the rim of a container. Radiant energy is directed into a small area of irradiation on the joint and the container rim is moved relative to the radiant energy so that the area of irradiation moves in one direction along the rim. Additionally, the area of irradiation is scanned crosswise to the one direction to move the area of irradiation across the width of the joint. Radiant energy reflected from the area of irradiation is detected. This radiant energy indicates the characteristics of the joint. The characteristics indicated by the radiant energy are compared to predetermined set value characteristics to detect product residue or other defects in the joint.

Abstract: An x-radiator has heat-producing components therein which are enclosed in a housing filled with an insulating fluid surrounding the components. A circulating pump is in fluid communication with the interior of the housing and has respective ports through which the fluid is circulated through the pump between the ports for aiding in dissipating heat from the components. The pump may be integrated within the housing, or attached to an exterior of the housing, with only its ports being in communication with the housing interior. The pump may be a squirrel-cage induction motor with a fluid conveying element, such as a ship's propellor forming a unit with the rotor and being arranged in a protective housing together with the stator.

Abstract: A lithotripsy work station has a patient support table which is adjustable in three dimensions by a position control unit. The support table has an opening therein through which a shock wave generator can be coupled to a patient on the support table for disintegrating calculi in the body of the patient. An x-ray system is provided for identifying the position of the calculi within the patient, and a video chain is connected to the output of the x-ray system for providing a visual display of the calculi within the patient. A unit is connected to the table control unit which identifies the current position of the support table, and an arithmetic unit calculates the limits of the area or range within which the shock wave generator can be effectively coupled to the patient, given a particular table position.

Abstract: An X-ray source with a cathode formed as a cylindrical electrode having a hollow central anode tube on its axis, with a grid surrounding the anode and interposed between the anode and cathode. The central anode tube is hollow and filled with a working medium. A high negative voltage is applied to the cathode, but the flow of electrons to the anode is blocked by the grid which is held near cathode potential. After a space charge is created at the grid by electrons from the cathode, a very short pulse to ground is applied to one end of the grid, yielding a relativistic wave of potential which propagates along the axial length of the grid. This wave of potential releases the electrons from the cathode, which flow directly to the anode. The impingement of the electrons on the tubular anode produces X-rays from the interior surface of the anode tube.

Abstract: An ultraviolet radiation dosimeter is to be employed by a person the skin of whom has been protected by a substance tending to inhibit the transmission of the radiation therethrough and which substance has a predetermined value of inhibition. Disposed to the radiation is a sensor that develops a signal in correspondence to the level of the radiation. Responding to that signal is a processor which accumulates a representation of the magnitude of the signal as effectively integrated with an elapsed time of exposure of the sensor to the radiation. An indication of the degree of the accumulation is yielded in response to the representation of the magnitude. The value of inhibition is used in order selectively to adjust in correspondence thereto the determination of the degree at which the indication is yielded. Both analog and digital circuitry are presented, along with variations and additions such as also adjusting response in accordance with the skin type of the user.