Abstract: A technique is provided to visualize microtubules in live cells that does not require genetic manipulation or microinjection. Moreover, this method also avoids perturbation of the endogenous microtubule network that occurs with taxol treatment. This technique exploits tyrosination and detyrosination of tubulin, a posttranslational modification cycle specific to the C-terminus of ?-tubulin. Specifically, cells are grown in medium supplemented with a tyrosine derivative possessing a reactive functional group. The cellular enzyme tubulin tyrosine ligase attaches the unnatural amino acid to a single site on tubulin. Addition of fresh medium containing a suitably derivatized fluorophore then yields fluorescent tubulin, which incorporate into cellular microtubules. Importantly, the tubulin labeling approach demonstrated here does not detrimentally affect microtubule network or cell morphology. Thus we present a simple, robust labeling technique that allows microscopic analysis of microtubules in live cells.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions and methods for the remediation of contaminated solids and liquids. In particular, embodiments of the present invention relate to the bioremediation of solids and liquids by a composition comprising a biocatalyst or mixture of biocatalysts. The present invention also relates to methods for producing the bioremediation compositions and methods for applying the bioremediation compositions to contaminated sites, including treatment, storage, and disposal facilities, as well as various contaminated water sources, such as aquifers and reservoirs.