Abstract: A process is described for paraffin-olefin alkylation under strong acid conditions in which an adamantylalkyl carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid is used to substantially improve the efficiency of reaction.

Abstract: Catalysts useful for the oxidation and ammoxidation of alcohols containing the elements iron and molybdenum in a catalytically active oxidized state exhibit improved selectivity and yield upon being activated by contacting calcined catalyst particles sequentially with a molecular oxygen-free reducing gas and an oxygen-containing gas at catalyst activating conditions. These activated catalysts are especially useful for the production of hydrogen cyanide from methanol, ammonia, and an oxygen-containing gas.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon process equipment is protected against fouling during processing of high sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstocks by incorporating into the hydrocarbon being processed small amounts of a composition comprised of an alkyl ester of a phosphorus acid and a hydrocarbon sulfonic acid.

Abstract: In the indirect method of retorting oil shale highly heated gases produced out of contact with flames in a heat exchanger are introduced into the retort and release oil vapor and high-value, high BTU gas and oil vapor from the shale which mix with the hot gas so introduced into the retort. Instead of burning the heat value gas of pipeline quality in the heat exchanger which is the present procedure, this invention fires the heat exchanger with abundant, cheap, low-value gas which for example is produced underground in-situ at or near the retort, thereby preserving the high value gas, after condensation of the oil vapor, partially for recirculation through the heat exchanger and retort and for in-plant operations, such a hydrogenation of the extract shale oil to produce refinable crude or for pipeline use.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion catalyst containing cobalt and a Group VIB metal and having a substantially uniform crosssectional phosphorus distribution is prepared by impregnating support particles with a solution containing dissolved cobalt, phosphorus, and at least 17 weight percent of Group VIB metal components, calculated as the trioxides, having a pH of less than 1.2, and characterized by an extinction coefficient in the ultraviolet spectrum of about 0.7.times.10.sup.4 to about 1.8.times.10.sup.4 liters/cm.moles of Group VIB metal, followed by aging, drying and calcining. The catalyst is useful for promoting a number of hydrocarbon conversion reactions, particularly those involving hydrogenative desulfurization.

Abstract: A method for regenerating a catalyst containing molybdenum as an active component comprising subjecting a catalyst, which has been deactivated through the use for a reaction, with or without a molybdenum source added thereto, to a heat treatment in a reducing gas atmosphere under specific temperature conditions and then subjecting same to a further heat treatment in a gaseous atmosphere containing molecular oxygen and at specific temperature conditions.

Abstract: Calcium silicate treated with an acid can be used as a polymerization catalyst or as a deodorizing agent. The acid is sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid or nitric acid.

Abstract: A method for reducing the metal contaminant concentration in a petroleum fraction containing an asphaltene component and a metal contaminant is disclosed. The petroleum feedstock is contacted with vapor phase SO.sub.2 or a vapor phase SO.sub.2 precursor at an elevated temperature after which the petroleum fraction is deasphalted. The petroleum fraction is separated into a first fraction relatively lean in the asphaltene component and the metal contaminant and a second phase relatively rich in the asphaltene component and the metal contaminant.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved method for the production of liquid carbon compounds from coal. According to the invention coal is oxidized at 80.degree. to 300.degree. C. in the presence of the vapors of a C.sub.1-5 aliphatic alcohol, optionally under the introduction of steam, and then the liquid carbon compounds are separated from the resulting product mixture.The process according to the invention can also be performed under atmospheric pressure, 50-80% of the carbon content of the coal converted appear in the liquid product. The liquid product contains the more valuable fraction, boiling below 300.degree. C., as major component.

Abstract: Carbonaceous feeds such as hydrocarbonaceous oils and coal are hydroconverted in the presence of a combination of a hydrogen halide and a metal-containing catalyst produced in situ in the feed. The hydrogen halide is present in an amount to provide from about 0.1 to 20 moles of hydrogen halide per atom of the metal constituent of the catalyst to increase the activity of the catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for removing contaminants such as arsenic from a hydrocarbonaceous fluid which consists essentially of the crude, or a fraction thereof, obtained from oil shale, solid coal, or tar sands by non-catalytically heat treating the hydrocarbonaceous fluid at a temperature of from about 20.degree. F. to about 600.degree. F. in the presence of an aqueous solution containing an agent that would convert such contaminants into components soluble in the aqueous solution. Particularly suitable agents to be utilized in the above aqueous solution to remove contaminants such as arsenic are ammonium sulfide type compounds. The purified hydrocarbonaceous fluid may be subjected to a catalytic hydrotreating process.

Abstract: Liquid hydrocarbons are oxidized in the presence of an organic surfactant promoter.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for solvent extraction of bitumen oils from tar-sands and their separation into synthetic crude oil and synthetic fuel oil comprising the operations of mixing the tar-sands with hot water so as to form a slurry in conjunction with solvent, separating that slurry into the solvent and dissolved bitumen oils and the solid materials of the tar-sands, separating the bitumen oils from the solvent, contacting the bitumen oils thus obtained with an extractant in order to separating them into synthetic crude oil and synthetic fuel oil, recovering an reusing again within the process the solvent, the water and the extractant.

Abstract: Finely divided ash-containing coal is immersed in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid or citric acid, and acidic ammonium fluoride to cause the ash to react with the acid and the acidic ammonium fluoride, and the deashed coal is thereafter separated from the solution.

Abstract: A process for economically converting carbo-metallic oils to lighter products. The carbo-metallic oils contain 650.degree. F.+ material which is characterized by a carbon residue on pyrolysis of at least about 1 and a Nickel Equivalents of heavy metals content of at least about 4 parts per million. This process comprises flowing the carbo-metallic oil together with particulate cracking catalyst through a progressive flow type reactor having an elongated reaction chamber, which is at least in part vertical or inclined, for a predetermined vapor riser residence time in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 seconds, at a temperature of about 900.degree. to about 1400.degree. F., and under a pressure of about 10 to about 50 pounds per square inch absolute sufficient for causing a conversion per pass in the range of about 40% to 90% while producing coke in amounts in the range of about 6 to about 14% by weight based on fresh feed, and laying down coke on the catalyst in amounts in the range of about 0.

Abstract: An improved catalyst for a coal liquefaction process; e.g., the H-Coal Process, for converting coal into liquid fuels, and where the conversion is carried out in an ebullated-catalyst-bed reactor wherein the coal contacts catalyst particles and is converted, in addition to liquid fuels, to gas and residual oil which includes preasphaltenes and asphaltenes. The improvement comprises a catalyst selected from the group consisting of the oxides of nickel molybdenum, cobalt molybdenum, cobalt tungsten, and nickel tungsten on a carrier of alumina, silica, or a combination of alumina and silica. The catalyst has a total pore volume of about 0.500 to about 0.900 cc/g and the pore volume comprises micropores, intermediate pores and macropores, the surface of the intermediate pores being sufficiently large to convert the preasphaltenes to asphaltenes and lighter molecules. The conversion of the asphaltenes takes place on the surface of micropores.

Abstract: A method of hydrocracking using a zinc catalyst in the hydrogenation step comprising providing a hydrocarbonaceous feed of coal or tar to a hydrogenation means,removing spent zinc and catalyst from said hydrogenation means to a regeneration means,heating said spent zinc catalyst in said regeneration means,providing hydrogen chloride to said regeneration means,said spent zinc catalyst comprising ZnS, whereby ZnCl.sub.2 gas is formed,contacting at least a portion of said ZnCl.sub.2 with steam to form ZnO,conveying said ZnO and ZnCL.sub.2 to said hydrogenation means.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for reducing the nitrogen content of hydrocarbon liquids. The method comprises contacting the hydrocarbon liquid with a solid metal salt capable of selectively extracting nitrogen-containing compounds from the hydrocarbon liquid to thereby form a nitrogen-rich solid extract. Nitrogen-lean hydrocarbon liquid is then separated from the solid extract. The solid extract is washed with a solvent capable of selectively dissolving non-nitrogen-containing compounds entrained in the solid extract. The solid extract is then treated with a release agent for selectively dissolving nitrogen-containing compounds to thereby recover the metal salt. The presently preferred metal salt is cupric chloride.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved process for the recovery of bitumen from tar sands comprising first heating the raw tar sands with steam at a temperature sufficient to visbreak a portion of the bitumen without significant thermal cracking thereby producing a vaporous distillate product mixed with steam and lowering the viscosity and specific gravity of the residual bitumen on the heat treated tar sands. The distillate product and steam are cooled and condensed and mixed with the heat treated tar sands containing residual beneficiated bitumen to form a slurry. Bitumen is then recovered from the slurry by a hot-water separation process.

Abstract: Hydrogen partial pressure in the distilled vapor phase in a stripper is maintained sufficienty to allow a smooth distillation processing whereby an efficient crude oil stripping is performed. The distillate overhead thus produced is maintained at a temperature high enough for direct feeding to a subsequent hydrotreating process by means of a reflux cooler installed at the top of the stripper.