Abstract: A confocal optical system is disclosed that utilizes fiber optic components in its construction. The system includes a light source, two detection units, an aperture and an optical element all optically coupled to a fiber optic coupler via optical fibers. In addition, a novel automatic focusing device is disclosed which utilizes chromatic aberration to maintain a target object in optimal focus. The device includes two light sources having different wavelengths of light, an optical element, an aperture, two detection units and a beam splitter. One light source is used to achieve initial focus and to illuminate the target object. The second light source is used to maintain the target object in optical focus. Light reflected off the target object is measured by one of the detection units. The magnitude of the light of the second wavelength measured by the detection unit is utilized to maintain focus.

Abstract: A glucose monitor, and related method, determines the concentration of glucose in a sample with water, using a predictive regression model. The glucose monitor illuminates the sample with ultraviolet excitation light that induces the water and any glucose present in the sample to emit return light that includes raman scattered light and glucose emission or fluorescence light. The return light is monitored and processed using a predictive regression model to determine the concentration of glucose in the sample. The predictive regression model accounts for nonlinearities between the glucose concentration and intensity of return light within different wavelength bands at a predetermined excitation light energy or the intensity of return light within a predetermined wavelength band at different excitation energy levels. A fiber-optic waveguide is used to guide the excitation light from a laser excitation source to the sample and the return light from the sample to a sensor.

Abstract: A technique that modulates the power of a inductively coupled plasma (ICP) according to the operative modes of a spectrometer. An analytical apparatus of the present invention contains an inductively coupled plasma generator (ICPG) and a spectrometer. The ICPG generates a plasma for forming ionic and excited molecular species from a sample. The spectrometer analyzes the ionic and excited molecular species formed. The spectrometer operates in an analysis mode wherein the ionic and excited molecular species are identified according to physical characteristics of the species to provide data on the species and further has a washout mode wherein the spectrometer flushes out interfering ions and molecules and provides no significant data on the sample. The controller modulates the ICPG to operate in power cycles, at each cycle the ICPG operates in an analysis period and a stand-by period. By modulating the plasma power, the power consumption and heat dissipation can be reduced.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for optically determining the dimension of part surfaces. Particular embodiments describe optical triangulation based coordinate measurement machines capable of accurate measurement of complex surfaces, such as gear teeth and turbine blades. Other embodiments provide highly useful sensors for robot guidance and related purposes. Up to 5 axis sensing capability is provided on surfaces of widely varying form.

Abstract: A silicon substrate is disposed parallel with an optical disc. A prism for transmitting an incident beam is installed on the silicon substrate. A diffraction grating on a side surface of the prism. A beam splitter for partially reflecting and partially transmitting the laser beam is positioned inside of the prism to be slanted. The beam irradiated from the laser light source is reflected by the beam splitter after having transmitted through the diffraction grating. The reflected beam focuses onto the optical disc via a selective light-transmitting part formed on the upper surface of the prism. The beam is totally transmitted through an inner circular portion of the selective light-transmitting part and half transmitted through a peripheral portion of the selective light-transmitting part.

Abstract: A process and system for flame detection includes a microprocessor-controlled detector with at least three sensors. A wide band infrared sensor is used as the primary detector, with near band and visible band sensors serving to detect false-alarm energy from nonfire sources. Digital signal processing is used to analyze sensed data and discriminate against false alarms. A multistage alarm system can be-provided, which is selectively triggered by the microprocessor. Spectral recording and analysis of prefire data is provided for. The detector can be housed in an enclosed, sealed, removable, plastic housing that may include an integral plastic window lens.

Abstract: An absorption spectroscopy device for determining the concentration of a gas (such as oxygen) in a sample cell includes a neutral density absorber or a quarter wave plate. Laser radiation from a laser diode passes through the neutral density absorber or the quarter wave plate, then passes through the sample cell, and then is incident upon a detector. In some embodiments, the laser diode is driven with a drive current having a stepped periodic waveform.

Abstract: A universal cold-cathode type ion source with closed-loop electron drifting and with ion-beam propagation direction perpendicular to the plane of electron drifting is intended for uniformly treating stationary or moveable objects. Treatment procedures include cleaning, activation, polishing, thin-film coating, or etching. The ion source of the invention allows for adjusting beam parameters and configurations and has an adjustable dimensions of the ionization space between the anode and the cathode. In a preferred embodiment, the adjustment is carried out by moving the anode with respect to the cathode. The moveable anode is shifted in the direction of propagation of the ion beam or in the opposite direction, whereby the tubular ion beam is either converged or diverged. As a result, it becomes possible to adjust the surface area being treated and characteristics of the ion beam such as average energy of ions in the beam and composition of the beam, in case of a multiple-component working medium.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for correction of the horizontal scanning current of a cathode-ray tube based on a modulation of this scanning current by a substantially parabolic signal at the image frame frequency, obtained by a squaring of a current ramp, including inflecting the ends of this current ramp before its squaring.

Abstract: A method for providing an improved active pixel sensor cell having a soft-saturation circuit. The method includes providing a pixel node and a photodiode coupled to the pixel node. The photodiode receives light and converts the light into an electrical signal representative of light. A soft-saturation circuit for selectively affecting the electrical signal at the pixel node based on the electrical signal at the pixel node based on the electrical signal at the pixel node is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention is a system and method to quickly and accurately measure the luminance and luminance distribution of a light on the surface of an object so that the position of the focusing reflectors in the projector can be adjusted to obtain the best luminance available for that object. In one method of the present invention a scanning light receiver, which produces an optical image of the object whose luminance is to be tested, is set up so that it may view a substantial portion of the surface of the object. The light receiver is connected to a analyzer and control unit ("ACU") to which it sends an electronic image representing the reflected luminance of the surface during each scan. The reflected light that is detected by the light receiver is then analyzed by the ACU to determine the luminance levels and distribution across a substantial portion of the surface.

Abstract: Electromagnetic and nuclear radiation is detected by micromechanical sensors that can be coated with various interactive materials. As the micromechanical sensors absorb radiation, the sensors bend and/or undergo a shift in resonance characteristics. The bending and resonance changes are detected with high sensitivity by any of several detection methods including optical, capacitive, and piezoresistive methods. Wide bands of the electromagnetic spectrum can be imaged with picoJoule sensitivity, and specific absorptive coatings can be used for selective sensitivity in specific wavelength bands. Microcantilevers coated with optical cross-linking polymers are useful as integrating optical radiation dosimeters. Nuclear radiation dosimetry is possible by fabricating cantilevers from materials that are sensitive to various nuclear particles or radiation.

Abstract: A solid-state radiation detecting device comprises an insulation layer having a pair of opposed surfaces. First and second single crystal silicon semiconductors are disposed on respective ones of the opposed surfaces of the insulating layer. A photoelectric conversion element is disposed on the first single crystal silicon semiconductor. A signal processing circuit having a charge transfer device is disposed on the second single crystal silicon semiconductor.

Abstract: A device and method permits detecting, measuring, and recording the intensity of radiation corresponding to a green plant's photoactive spectrum striking a selected site, and utilizing such information alphanumerically and graphically displaying the photoactive radiation exposure in sols incident at the site during a particular portion of a day, an entire day, a week, or an month. The photoactive radiation information provided by the invention device allows gardeners, farmers, researchers and others to match the types of trees, shrubs, crops or other plants that would grow best under the radiation conditions usually incident at the site over a desired, extended time period.

Abstract: The digital sampler circuit processes an output signal from a high gain analog amplifier having as input an infrared motion detector output signal and a negative low pass filtered feedback signal. The amplifier output signal is a substantially square pulse signal having an irregular frequency and duty cycle and has an average duty cycle indicative of a DC level and a slow change in the DC level of the detector output signal. The sampler circuit includes a detector circuit for detecting the amplifier output signal and discriminating at regular intervals a high/low state of the output signal, and generates a high/low feedback signal corresponding to the high/low state of the output signal detected. The high/low state of the output signal is analyzed over a predetermined number of the intervals to obtain a ratio value for producing an output digital signal sample value. The digital sample value is a measure of the DC level and the change in the DC level of the detector output signal.

Abstract: An optical beam shaper (10) for converting a radiation beam (5, 6, 7, 8) having an elliptical cross-section into a beam (9) having a more circular cross-section is described. This element (10) has a cylindrical entrance surface (12) and a toroidal exit surface (14) and can be arranged close to a diode laser (1) so that the risk of wavefront deviations due to defocusing is reduced. The element has a high coupling efficiency. The beam shaper is also provided with a grating for forming a sub-beam from the radiation beam.

Abstract: A housing is provided that has a receiving body for at least one optical sensing device and at least one hollow and air-tight window body for allowing passage of signals to and from the sensing device. The hollow and air-tight window body eliminates condensation on the window through which the signals of the sensing device have to pass and thus improves operation of the sensing device.

Abstract: An apparatus for electron beam deflection in a cathode ray tube, in particular in a picture tube of a television set, comprises a deflection coil arrangement for horizontal and vertical deflection of the electron beam, an auxiliary deflection coil arrangement, by means of which the electron beam can be influenced for the purpose of convergence correction, and a compensation coil arrangement for producing a magnetic compensation field. The compensation coil arrangement is arranged and designed such that the compensation field essentially compensates for the stray magnetic field of the deflection coil arrangement in the physical region of the auxiliary deflection coil arrangement.

Abstract: A radiation source assembly and transducer incorporating same are suitable for use in measuring spectral absorption properties of a substance to be analyzed, such as a gas. The radiation source assembly has an optical axis. A measuring radiation source provides radiation in the direction of the axis and a reference radiation source provides radiation in the direction of the axis. An optical diffuser is spaced from the radiation sources along the axis. Radiation from the measuring radiation source and radiation from the reference radiation source are applied to the diffuser and the diffuser forms an exiting radiation beam for the assembly from the radiation of the measuring radiation source and reference radiation source. The exiting radiation beam extends along the axis.

Abstract: In a reel sensor for a start/finish and detecting device in which a light from a light-emitting element is radiated into an incident light window formed in a video cassette and a start/finish end of a video tape is detected based on an intensity of a light radiated from an emergent light window formed in the video cassette, the reel sensor comprises: a light-distributing section for distributing the light radiated from the light-emitting element to a rotation indicator so as to correspond to the rotation of a reel stand, the rotation indicator serving to change an intensity of the light either transmitting therethrough or being reflected thereby; and a light-receiving section for receiving the ray of light having been distributed by the light-distributing section and either having transmitted through the rotation indicator or having been reflected by the rotation indicator.