Abstract: In an embodiment, a system for measuring material flow in a pipe is disclosed. A first transducer is operable to transmit a first signal having a first frequency at a first time and receive a second signal at a second time, and a second transducer spaced apart from the first transducer and is operable to receive the first signal and transmit the second signal having the first frequency. A signal processing circuit communicatively coupled to the first transducer and the second transducer, the signal processing circuit is operable to determine a first envelope of the first signal and a second envelope of the second signal and calculate a flow rate based on the first envelope of the first signal and the second envelope of the second signal.

Abstract: Provided herein may be a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device. The nonvolatile semiconductor memory device may include a memory cell array, a read and write circuit, and a control logic. The memory cell array may include a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells. The read and write circuit may be configured to perform a program operation or a read operation on nonvolatile memory cells that are selected from among the plurality of nonvolatile memory cells. The control logic may be configured to control an operation of the read and write circuit. The read and write circuit may include at least one capacitor configured to store bit data.