Abstract: A gelling nanofluid and methods for manufacture are provided. The composition and methods for manufacture produce nanofluid gels so that the settlement of nanoparticles in a base fluid is improved due to the inhibition of particle movement in the gel. The nanofluid gel is produced by using a gelling agent which is either coated on the nanoparticles prior to dispersion in the base fluid or directly introduced in the base fluid.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for the production of biofuel, said process comprising, pretreating a feedstock, mixing a catalyst with said feedstock, transferring the mixture of catalyst and feedstock into a reactor, and subjecting said mixture to a heating sequence by applying microwave energy thereto, wherein the catalyst comprises an aluminosillicate mineral, the percentage of aluminosillicate mineral in the catalyst-feedstock mixture is less than 10% (w/w), and the temperature of the mixture of catalyst and feedstock is no higher than 450° C. during the process.

Abstract: A method of producing a low sulfur tall oil fatty acid by first esterifying the tall oil fatty acid, followed by distillation of the tall oil fatty acid ester, followed by saponification and acidulation to provide a low sulfur tall oil fatty acid. A fuel additive comprising tall oil fatty acid and a sulfur compound, wherein the sulfur compound comprises from about 0.1 to about 20 ppm of the additive. A fuel comprises a hydrocarbon fuel component and the fuel additive.

Abstract: A rotary kiln includes a stationary fuel nozzle and a perforated flame holder positioned within an inclined rotating shell. The flame holder includes a plurality of perforations that collectively confine a combustion reaction of the burner to the flame holder to shift most heat transfer from the combustion reaction from radiation heat transfer to convective heat transfer.

Abstract: A formulation and methods for making high energy organic fuels that incorporate suspended metal particles with metal particle sized ranging from 33 nm to 5 micron. The hybrid organic fuels contain superior density and/or energy content to conventional liquid organic fuels. These hybrid organic fuels used in combination with metal particle afford fuels with 5 to 80% more net heat of combustion (based on volume). These fuels should extend the distant range for jets, liquid rocket engines, SCRAM jet engines, and improve energy content in fuel-air explosive applications such as fuel-air explosives and in the Multi-Effects Weapons System (MEWS) where the fuel is used both for propulsion and explosive effects.

Abstract: A method of recovery of organic solvents required in the refining of coal comprising: mixing solvent, co-solvent and coal to form a slurry; thermally treating the slurry under pressure and high temperature to form a coal-extract; passing the coal-extract through a membrane under high pressure in an ultra filtration unit to achieve recovery of a major part of the solvent; contacting the remaining thick clarified liquid from the membrane with water to obtain precipitated coal in a slurry with a mixture of water and organic solvent; feeding the slurry to a filter to get clean coal of very low ash content as a residue and a mixture of water and organic solvent as a filtrate; distilling the filtrate to separate the balance of the organic solvent from the water. The application of a membrane for filtration minimizes the heat requirement to establish economy.

Abstract: This invention is in the field of expandable, exothermic gel-forming compositions that are predominately useful in the consumer products and medical industries. More particularly, it relates to the use of expandable particulate exothermic gel-forming compositions with efficient and long-lasting heat production for heating surfaces and objects without the need for electricity or combustible fuel.

Abstract: An organic fuel additive for improving the combustion of a bioenergy solid fuel product, the organic fuel additive comprising a mixture of combustible organic fines and a polymer material, wherein the polymer material encapsulates the combustible organic fines in solid form, and methods of making and using the same.

Abstract: A method for producing a base oil having a high ratio of weight percent molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to weight percent molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality by hydroisomerization dewaxing a selected Fischer-Tropsch wax under hydroisomerization conditions including a hydrogen to feed ratio from about 712.4 to about 3562 liter H2/liter oil.

Abstract: Slide bearings and methods of producing slide bearings are disclosed. The slide bearing has a metal support and a sliding layer. No other layer is in contact with the sliding layer. The sliding layer is applied directly to the metal support. The sliding layer comprises a mixture of at least two polymers P1 and P2, wherein P1 is a fluoropolymer. P2 is a non-fluorinated thermoplastic polymer.

Abstract: A plastic bearing material of a bearing may include a block copolymer. The block copolymer may include structural blocks of two or more different polymers. A first polymer may include at least one of polyamide-imide and polybenzimidazole. A second polymer may include at least one of polydimethylsiloxane, methyl vinyl ether and polyisobutene. A method for manufacturing a plastic bearing material may include synthesizing a structural block of a first polymer and a structural block of a second polymer to define a block copolymer via a condensation reaction.

Abstract: A bitumen having the properties of a Newtonian liquid is a mixture of a first oil pitch made of particles of soot and saturated oils and a second oil pitch made of aromatic oils and resins, characterized in that the first oil pitch has saturated oils at a content of at least 10% in wet weight and the second oil pitch has aromatic oils at a content of at least 10% in wet weight.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a chemical composition to modify the physical properties (viscosity and interfacial tension) of heavy and extra-heavy crude oils, to increase their mobility. The chemical composition comprises or consists of a combination of systems based on ionic and non-ionic liquids, which may be pure or modified, mixed in an aqueous or organic medium as a dispersing agent, depending on the nature of the crude to be treated, together with a surfactant. The composition is mixed with the crude oil at a temperature between 5 and 100° C., at pressures from 1 atm (14.7 psi) up to about 680.2 atm (10,000 psi). The composition can be mixed with heavy crude oils, at the point of extraction from the well in the field, during the transport of crude oil in pipelines, or in the well discharge pipelines.

Abstract: New, highly effective substantially pure Mannich detergents for use in hydrocarbon fuels reduce engine deposits in spark and compression ignition internal combustion engines. The Mannich condensation reaction products are obtainable by reacting: (i) a polyamine having primary amino groups, (ii) a hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound, and (iii) an aldehyde, wherein the reaction is conducted at in a molar ratio of (i):(ii):(iii) of approximately 1:2:3. The Mannich detergent compounds may be dispersed in a liquid carrier to provide a fuel additive concentrate for hydrocarbon engine fuels which effectively control engine deposit formation in intake valves, port fuel injectors and combustion chambers.

Abstract: Methods are provided for characterizing the stability of a distillate fraction using a quartz crystal microbalance apparatus, such as a distillate fraction derived at least in part from a pre-refined crude oil. A sample can be aged for an aging period in a quartz crystal microbalance apparatus, and a frequency value for the sample in the quartz crystal microbalance apparatus can be determined before and after the aging period to determine a frequency difference. This frequency difference can be correlated directly with the ability of a jet fuel fraction to satisfy a stability test standard, such as a jet fuel breakpoint stability. The methods can also include using a temperature profile during characterization that can reduce or minimize operator error during the characterization.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a gasoline efficacy promoter (GEP) boosting combustion efficiency of gasoline in internal combustion engines by a mechanism of micro-dissociation comprising a microemulsion of modified bio-carbon, a surfactant, water, a modified vegetable oil and a dispersant, and a method of making it. The gasoline efficacy promoter, environmentally friendly and stable for longer than six months, can increase the combustion efficiency by more than 10%, and reduce 80% of NOx formation in exhaust emission when an appropriate dosage is added to a fuel tank in a vehicle.

Abstract: The invention provides biobased lubricants comprising the reaction product of a natural oil, fatty acid or derivative having unsaturation sites with a suitable substrate such as maleic anhydride that is capable of undergoing an “ene” or Diels Alder reaction with the natural oil to form an adduct; followed by a controlled non-aqueous neutralization with a suitable inorganic base such as lithium hydroxide.

Abstract: A method of using energy-efficient lubricant compositions to reduce wear between two surfaces exposed to a high shear condition is provided. The lubricant compositions comprise polysiloxane base oils having alkyl, aryl, or a combination of alkyl and aryl functionality. The polysiloxane base oils may be defined according to the formula: wherein R, and R? are independently selected, such that R is an alkyl group having between 1-3 carbon atoms; R? is an alkyl or aryl group having between 6 to 20 carbon atoms; and m and n are integers, such that 25<(m+n)<500 and the ratio of m/(m+n) is greater than 0.05 and less than 1.00.

Abstract: The invention provides a lubricating composition containing a ?-amino compound. The invention further relates to a method of lubricating an internal combustion engine by lubricating the engine with the lubricating composition. The invention further relates to the use of the ?-amino carbonyl compound as copper corrosion inhibitors, friction control agents, antiwear and/or extreme pressure agents.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lubricating oil composition comprising: (a) a major amount of a lubricating oil, (a) a diarylamine antioxidant, and (b) an amidine compound of Formula (I), wherein R1 is hydrogen, an alkyl or an aromatic group containing 1-30 carbon atoms; x is from 1 to 5; Y is an optional linking alkyl group; Z is carbon or nitrogen; and R2 is hydrogen or alkyl groups containing 1-30 carbon atoms. Also provided is a method for lubricating an engine comprising lubricating the engine with said lubricating oil composition.