Abstract: A memory controller controls operation of a nonvolatile memory device comprising a memory area comprising a plurality of multi-level cells (MLCs). The memory controller receives an address of the memory area and data to be programmed to the memory area, analyzes access history information regarding the memory area based on the address, generates first mapping data corresponding to the data or second mapping data based on the data and previous mapping data that has been programmed to the MLCs according to a result of the analysis, and transmits a program command comprising one of the first mapping data and the second mapping data to the nonvolatile memory device.