Abstract: Methods in a spectral measurement apparatus are disclosed. Light is received with a plurality of sensors. Each sensor generates an output signal having a frequency proportional to an intensity of light received by the sensor. First, second and third signals are generated each having a frequency proportional to an intensity of light received by a sensor of a wavelength or spectral band. A spectral characteristic of the received light is determined based on at least the first, second and third signals, which are are coupled to a processing element and input in parallel. The spectral characteristic is determined based on measuring a frequency or period of the at least first, second and third signals. Spectral data based on the determined spectral characteristic is generated by the processing element and displayed on a display device for perception by a viewer or transmitted to a data interface for transmission to an electronic device external to the spectral measurement apparatus.

Abstract: Fiber optic sensors employ a high brightness light source such as a fiber optic supercontinuum source, multiplexed superluminescent light emitting diodes, or a broadband tunable laser diode. Light is delivered to the measurement location via fiber optics and sensor optics directs infrared radiation onto material the being monitored that is located in a hostile environment. A disperse element is positioned in the detection beam path in order to separate the wavelengths and to perform spectral analysis. A spectral analysis of the radiation that emerges from the sheet yields information on a plurality of parameters for the material. For papermaking applications, the moisture level, temperature and cellulose content in the paper can be obtained.

Abstract: A polishing end point detection method is to detect a polishing end point of a workpiece having a multilayer structure. The method is performed by emitting a first light and a second light to a surface of the workpiece at a first angle of incidence and a second angle of incidence, respectively, receiving the first light and the second light reflected from the surface through a polarizing filter, performing a first analyzing process of analyzing a brightness and a saturation of the surface from the first light received, performing a second analyzing process of analyzing a brightness and a saturation of the surface from the second light received, and determining removal of the upper layer based on changes in the brightness and the saturation of the surface.

Abstract: A system and method for measuring display quality by using a hyperspectral imager are disclosed. In one embodiment, the system comprises a hyperspectral imager configured to determine an intensity of light for a plurality of locations in a first area on a display for a plurality of spectral channels, and a processor configured to determine a measure of display quality based on the determined intensities.

Abstract: Provided is a detection apparatus of Raman scattering and light scattering, and more particularly, a simultaneous detection apparatus of Raman scattering and dynamic light scattering and a detection method using the same. The simultaneous detection apparatus of Raman scattering and light scattering includes: a detection unit for applying incident light to a sample, and detecting Raman scattering in 90° or 180° geometry and light scattering in 90° or 180° geometry in order to simultaneously collect Raman scattering and light scattering; and a computer connected to the detection unit to obtain at least one of the size and distribution of particles from the detected light scattering, and to obtain information of the molecular structure from the detected Raman scattering.

Abstract: An integrated spectral sensing engine featuring energy sources and detectors within a single package includes sample interfacing optics and acquisition and processing electronics. The miniaturized sensor is optimized for specific laboratory and field-based measurements by integration into a handheld format. Design and fabrication components support high volume manufacturing. Spectral selectivity is provided by either continuous variable optical filters or filter matrix devices. The sensor's response covers the range from 200 nm to 25 ?m based on various solid-state detectors. The wavelength range can be extended by the use of filter-matrix devices. Measurement modes include transmittance/absorbance, turbidity (light scattering) and fluorescence (emission). On board data processing includes raw data acquisition, data massaging and the output of computed results. Sensor applications include water and environmental, food and beverage, chemical and petroleum, and medical analyses.

Abstract: A terahertz spectrometer includes: a terahertz-wave generating element; an elliptical mirror; an optical lens configured to apply a terahertz wave generated by the terahertz-wave generating element, obliquely to a focusing plane of a first focus of the elliptical mirror; and a terahertz-wave detecting element arranged at a second focus of the elliptical mirror.

Abstract: A system and method for characterizing contributions to signal noise associated with charge-coupled devices adapted for use in biological analysis. Dark current contribution, readout offset contribution, photo response non-uniformity, and spurious charge contribution can be determined by the methods of the present teachings and used for signal correction by systems of the present teachings.

Abstract: An optical coupling relay system has an imaging optical system having an object plane, an exit pupil and an image plane. An image analyzer has an image plane and an entrance pupil, and a detector is located in a detector plane and contains photosensitive material. An optical coupling relay couples the optical system to the image analyzer, for projecting the image produced by the imaging optical system into the image plane of the image analyzer and simultaneously for projecting the exit pupil of the imaging optical system into the entry pupil of the image analyzer.

Abstract: A calibrated spectroscopy instrument and a method for calibrating a spectroscopy instrument are disclosed. The spectroscopy instrument includes a monochromator having a drive mechanism comprising a pair of spur gears for rotating a diffraction grating of the monochromator for selecting a desired wavelength. The drive mechanism is calibrated to account for eccentricities in the spur gears to provide an accurate conversion between selected angular settings for the drive mechanism and the wavelength of the diffracted light from the monochromator. The drive mechanism comprises a pinion spur gear and a main spur gear which each have an AGMA (American Gear Manufacturers' Association) rating of at least 10, which allows errors due to random tooth to tooth variations to be neglected. A calibration algorithm is derived which is based on the error due to eccentricities in the spur gears following a precise geometric cyclic pattern.

Abstract: A container for holding a sample and a system and method for a handheld spectrometer using the container is disclosed. In one embodiment, the container includes a vial with an optical window at the base of the vial. A sample may be placed in the vial. A hollow plunger may be slidably inserted into the vial which seals the gap between the plunger and the walls of the vial. The plunger includes a filter element. When the plunger is inserted into the vial, the sample is forced against the optical window and the filter element vents liquid and/or gas that is in the vial into the hollow plunger. A portable or handheld system for detecting, for example, biothreat agents makes use of the container in order to determine a spectrum of the sample. The optical window of the container is preferably substantially transparent to photons illuminating the sample and to photons produced due to the interaction of the illuminating photons and the sample.

Abstract: A standard plane sample which supplies an optical characteristic measuring device with reference data. The standard plane sample including a sample portion that is measured by the optical characteristic measuring device to supply measurement data, and a recording medium that stores identification data for identifying a kind of the sample portion as well as reference data corresponding to the optical characteristic of the sample portion.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a sieving apparatus for a bio-chip, which has a light source, a HOE unit, a splitter, an objective lens, a filter, and an optical signal sensor. The HOE unit is coupled with a light source, so as to diffract the light into a zeroth order beam and a first order beam. The zeroth order beam has no deflection but the first order beam has a deflection from the zeroth order beam. The splitter is coupled to the HOE unit, so as to lead the two beams to the objective lens, which further leads the two beams to the bio-chip, in which the first order beam is incident onto the bio-chip from an incident angle, causing a florescent light from the sample. The bio-chip also reflects the zeroth order beam. Both the reflected zeroth order beam and the fluorescent light travel through the objective lens and the splitter. The filter is coupled to the splitter, so that an undesired portion of the light beams incident on the splitter is filtered.