Abstract: Methods and related systems are described for gamma-ray detection. A gamma-ray detector is made depending on its properties and how those properties are affected by the data analysis. Desirable properties for a downhole detector include; high temperature operation, reliable/robust packaging, good resolution, high countrate capability, high density, high Z, low radioactive background, low neutron cross-section, high light output, single decay time, efficiency, linearity, size availability, etc. Since no single detector has the optimum of all these properties, a downhole tool design preferably picks the best combination of these in existing detectors, which will optimize the performance of the measurement in the required environment and live with the remaining non-optimum properties.

Abstract: A gamma radiation detection device (1) includes a scintillator element (2) and an optical detector (3) in optical communication with the scintillator element (2). A plurality of particles or voids (5) are dispersed in the scintillator element (2) which scatter the scintillation light (7), reducing the trapping of scintillation light (7) by multiple reflections.

Abstract: Various embodiments disclosed herein describe a divided-aperture infrared spectral imaging (DAISI) system that is adapted to acquire multiple IR images of a scene with a single-shot (also referred to as a snapshot). The plurality of acquired images having different wavelength compositions that are obtained generally simultaneously. The system includes at least two optical channels that are spatially and spectrally different from one another. Each of the at least two optical channels are configured to transfer IR radiation incident on the optical system towards an optical FPA unit comprising at least two detector arrays disposed in the focal plane of two corresponding focusing lenses. The system further comprises at least one temperature reference source or surface that is used to dynamically calibrate the two detector arrays and compensate for a temperature difference between the two detector arrays.

Abstract: An embodiment of an apparatus for measuring properties of an earth formation includes: a carrier configured to be disposed in a borehole in an earth formation; a scintillation material configured to emit light flashes in response to exposure to radiation, the scintillation material having a surface configured to be directed toward a region of the formation; an array of solid-state photodetectors that extends along at least one surface of the scintillation material, wherein the scintillation material has a shape configured to concentrate the light flashes and direct the light flashes toward the array; and a processor configured to detect signals generated by photo detectors in the array and estimate energy levels and positions of the light flashes within the scintillation material.

Abstract: A flame detector includes an infrared detector and a first window covering the infrared detector. A second window is positioned in front of the first window. The flame detector is adapted to reject light having a wavelength below approximately 2 ?m and to reject light having a wavelength above approximately 6 ?m, allowing detection of flame from multiple sources. In variations, the windows in combination with the infrared detector may provide the rejection or a band pass filter provides the rejection. Still further variations utilize notch filters or a band reject filter to provide notches of light to the infrared detector corresponding to the wavelength of different flame sources to be detected.

Abstract: A fiberscope comprises a scintillator arranged to produce light of a first wavelength upon exposure to radiation; an optical system arranged to receive and direct light of the first wavelength emitted from the scintillator, the light being received at one end of the optical system, and wherein one or more elements of the optical system emits scintillation light of a second wavelength upon exposure to radiation; and an optical filter, disposed at the other end of the optical system, and arranged to transmit light of the first wavelength and block light of the second wavelength. The scintillator is chosen such that the light of the first wavelength is spectrally distinct from the light of the second wavelength.

Abstract: A radiation imaging device having a moisture impermeable metal layer compressed against a scintillator layer by compressible layer that is mechanically compressed against the scintillator layer. The metal layer is attached to the scintillator substrate by an adhesive ring surrounding the perimeter of the scintillator substrate. The adhesive can further include moisture getter particles. Preferably the metal layer is comprised of aluminum with a thickness between 25 ?m and 100 ?m to allow the layer to be flexible as free of pinholes to prevent ingress of moisture. The compressible layer can be compressed by the housing to maintain the metal layer in contact with the scintillator layer. The metal layer not only provides moisture protection for the scintillator but also increases the output of the scintillator by reflecting photons generated by the scintillator layer toward the photodetector array of the radiation imaging device.

Abstract: A photonic spectrometry device is provided. The photonic spectrometry device includes at least one sensor capable of detecting photons, at least one photon-emitting calibrating source having a reference spectral line, and processing means capable of providing, for the or each sensor, a measurement spectrum corresponding to the measurements, made by the or each sensor, of the radiation from a product during a time interval, and establishing, on the basis of the or each measurement spectrum, a net corrected spectrum according to a measured characteristic line corresponding to the or each calibrating source. The or each calibrating source is positioned outside the or each sensor.

Abstract: A cw terahertz image beam is upconverted by a nonlinear optical process (e.g., sum- or difference-frequency generation with a near IR cw upconverting beam). The upconverted image is acquired by a near IR image detector. The bandwidths and center wavelengths of the terahertz image beam and the upconverting beam are such that wavelength filtering can be employed to permit an upconverted image beam to reach the detector while blocking or substantially attenuating the upconverting beam.

Abstract: Spectroscopic chemical analysis methods and apparatus are disclosed which employ deep ultraviolet (e.g. in the 200 nm to 300 nm spectral range) electron beam pumped wide bandgap semiconductor lasers, incoherent wide bandgap semiconductor light emitting devices, and hollow cathode metal ion lasers to perform non-contact, non-invasive detection of unknown chemical analytes. These deep ultraviolet sources enable dramatic size, weight and power consumption reductions of chemical analysis instruments. In some embodiments, Raman spectroscopic detection methods and apparatus use ultra-narrow-band angle tuning filters, acousto-optic tuning filters, and temperature tuned filters to enable ultra-miniature analyzers for chemical identification. In some embodiments Raman analysis is conducted along with photoluminescence spectroscopy (i.e. fluorescence and/or phosphorescence spectroscopy) to provide high levels of sensitivity and specificity in the same instrument.

Abstract: A crystal-array module includes a number of unit crystal strips. The three-dimensional shape of the crystal-array module is a frustum or a combination of a right quadrangular prism and the frustum. The frustrum includes a first bottom face coupled with a photoelectric device and a first top face opposed to the first bottom face. The area of the first bottom face is smaller than that of the first top face. A fabrication method of the crystal-array module includes joining cut unit crystal strips or cut unit crystal strip arrays together.

Abstract: Infrared detection device comprising at least one first bolometer able to detect at least a part of infrared radiation intended to be received by the infrared detection device, and a reading and compensation circuit of a first electrical signal intended to be outputted by the first bolometer, with the reading and compensation circuit comprising at least: one second bolometer coupled electrically to the first bolometer and insensitive to the infrared radiation intended to be received by the infrared detection device; one first reading circuit of said first electrical signal from which is subtracted a second electrical signal intended to be outputted by the second bolometer; one second reading circuit of an electrical voltage at the terminals of the first bolometer and/or of an electrical voltage at the terminals of the second bolometer, comprising a plurality of switches.

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided for a detector head for an imaging system. The detector head comprises a detector module comprising at least one detector element for detecting radiation and detector electronics, and a shaft to which the detector module is coupled, the detector module configured to rotate more than 360 degrees about the shaft in at least one direction.

Abstract: A radiation image conversion panel having a high luminance and sharpness is provided by growing columnar crystals from the root portion. The radiation image conversion panel includes a support; and a phosphor layer mainly composed of an alkali halide, the phosphor layer being formed by vapor deposition; wherein the phosphor layer includes a plurality of domains formed of a plurality of phosphor columnar crystals; each of the domains is a single phosphor columnar crystal or an aggregation of phosphor columnar crystals having substantially the same crystal orientation, and has an average diameter of 0.2 to 10 ?m; and the phosphor columnar crystals are crystalline from root portion at which crystal growth started.

Abstract: Optical probes and methods for continuously measuring the temperature of molten metals in vessels are described. The optical probe may include a fiber surrounded by a protective structure that is mounted in a wall of a vessel. The protective structure may include a porous body for flowing gas through the optical probe assembly. A portion of the optical probe may be sacrificial and erode or break away during temperature measurements. Calibrations may be used to correct temperature measurements based on an amount of erosion or removal of the optical fiber.

Abstract: Embodiments of quantum clocks for a master/slave architecture are generally described herein. In some embodiments, a coupled pair of entangled particles is generated using a particle source. A first of the entangled particles of the coupled pair is used as a master clock. A second of the entangled particles of the coupled pair is used as a slave clock. Quantum states of the first entangled particle of the coupled pair associated with the master clock and the second of the entangled particles of the coupled pair associated with the slave clock are entangled by an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) link.

Abstract: A method for determining the suitability for use in an engine of a fuel e.g. a jet fuel that may contain particulate contaminants, such as organic and/or inorganic particulates, is disclosed. The method can be used to distinguish a known organic particulate contaminant from inorganic particulate contaminants in the fuel. A composition suitable for use in the method is also disclosed.

Abstract: Interferometric focusing (IF), rather than conventional geometric focusing, of excitation light onto a guide-star that is embedded deeply in tissue, increases its fluorescence intensity. The method can extend the depth of wavefront measurement and improve correction inside of tissues because of its ability to suppress both scattering of diffuse light and aberration of ballistic light. The results showed more than two times improvement in SNR and RMS error of the wavefront measurement. Although only ballistic light in the excitation path is corrected, the intensity after wavefront correction increased by 1.5 times. When applying IF to a two-photon microscope with a near infra-red laser, this method would further extend the measurement depth and achieve high SNR for the wavefront sensor.

Abstract: Detecting infrared radiation from a rodent in a cage using an infrared sensor array with a field of view that corresponds to a moving area of the rodent to determine position, velocity, head position, etc. and determining a behavior of the rodent based on the detected infrared radiation.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an X-ray imaging apparatus including: a gate driver configured to apply a turn-on signal to a plurality of gate lines; and a readout circuit configured to read out a signal from the plurality of gate lines, wherein if an X-ray signal is detected from a gate line of the plurality of gate lines, the gate driver changes a turn-on time period of the turn-on signal.