Abstract: A barrier (B) for arresting motion of a vehicle driven in an incoming direction (V) and having wheels (18) with tires that couple to fasteners (20) retained in a substrate (10). The substrate has a thickness (T) and is disposed on the ground (G). The fasteners are single-piece fasteners configured for self-retention into the substrate thickness and into a wheel driven over a fastener. A fastener may be configured for engagement via the top surface (14) of the substrate or via the bottom surface (16) of the substrate which has a base (31) with at least one prong (30) or a base (31) with at least one prong and at least one hook (35). The substrate is either a three-dimensional woven web of loops, or a full, or a foamed substrate. The fasteners are introduced into and may be retrieved out of the substrate either manually or mechanically.