Abstract: Ovarian germ-line-competent embryonic stem cells (GLC-ESC) are cultured, either in the presence or absence of a compound having estrogenic activity. The GLC-ESC are either collected prior to specific commitment or are permitted to remain in the culture medium for a time sufficient to develop into oocytes, and the oocytes may be fertilized by adding sperm to the culture medium. The fertilized oocytes may be permitted to develop into embryos, which may be transferred into the uterus of an adult human female or frozen for later use. The invention provides a method for obtaining by in vitro fertilization an embryo that is genetically related to a human female who is not producing oocytes.

Abstract: The electrotransfer of a nucleic acid into tissue cells, in particular in a muscle or a tumoral tissue, is carried out by an electric stimulation of the tissue as follows: first with at least one, preferably a single, pulse of a High Voltage field strength of between 200 and 2000 volts/cm second with a single pulse of Low Voltage field strength of between 50 and 200 volts/cm and of duration of between 300 ms and 2000 ms.