Abstract: The present invention provides polynucleic acid sequences that are functionally associated with autoimmune diseases, such as, for example, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Significantly, quantities of transcriptional and translational product encoded by the invention polynucleic acid sequences are elevated in mammals having a predisposition to autoimmune disease, as compared to their quantities in normal mammals. In accordance with the present invention, there also are provided polypeptides encoded by the invention polynucleic acid sequences, antibodies that are capable of binding to the invention polypeptides, as well as methods and kits for screening for autoimmune diseases.

Abstract: This invention provides a device and method for preparing a plasma enriched sample for use in an immunoassay strip. All parts that contact blood or a blood fraction remain in a container and prevent contamination from used blood. In one embodiment a sampling device collects blood and enters the container. A plasma enriched sample fills a plasma receptor which in turn is transferred to an immunoassay strip. Plasma is washed out of the strip by an aqueous solution. In another embodiment the sampling device doubles as a plasma separator. The invention allows sensitive and safe immunoassays to be performed on whole blood samples outside of the normal clinical laboratory setting.

Abstract: In order to prevent a catalyst for an internal combustion engine from experiencing decreased efficiency by deterioration after long time use of the catalyst, the decreased efficiency of the catalyst is determined, and the internal engine is controlled based on results of the determination so as to maintain high efficiency of the catalyst. The catalyst is installed in an exhaust pipe of the engine. Sensors for detecting conditions of exhaust gas both at a upstream side and a downstream side of the catalyst are provided, respectively. As for the sensor, for example, an oxygen sensor whose output varies stepwise at .lambda.=1, or a sensor whose output varies in proportion to air-fuel ratio can be used. Detected values of the sensors are taken into a control unit, catalyst efficiency and deteriorating degree of the catalyst are estimated by comparison of the detected values, and the engine is controlled so that the catalyst efficiency is maximized.