Abstract: For the operation of a technical system having increased safety requirements, all of the apparatus for increasing the safety and the availbility are provided in triple redundancy. As selection and output circuit, three redundant data channels (DE1, DE2, DE3) normally emitting the same information are respectively connected in pairs to three AND elements, each consisting of two optocouplers (OR1/OR4, OR2/OR5, OR3/OR6). The elements of the optocouplers are connected with a relay (RL) by an OR arrangement (WO).

Abstract: A switching device is realized by means of two amplifier paths which are controllable by means of transistors. The collectors of output transistors (T1, T1B) are connected together, without an impedance matching circuit for each path, to a common point (10) being connected to an impedance matching circuit (L5, R7) which is common for the two paths. This switching device is particularly used for selecting signal paths between 1 and 2 GHz in systems for receiving television signals by satellite.

Abstract: A display device including a liquid crystal cell which comprises first and second transparent substrates spaced apart substantially in parallel from each other to form a gap therebewteen, a body of twisted-nematic liquid crystal filing the gap between the substrates, orientation means urging the liquid crystal molecules in the gap to orient in a first direction in the vicinity of the inner face of the first substrate and in a second direction in the vicinity of the inner face of the second substrate, the first direction being substantially perpendicular to the second direction, a pair of polarizer films one overlying the first substrate and the other underlying the second substrate, and at least one phase-shift film intervening between one of the first and second substrates and one of the polarizer films.

Abstract: Bistable switching between clear and scattering states is provided by a liquid crystal cell whose liquid crystal layer is constituted by a random orientation planar aligned ferroelectric smectic exhibiting a pitch length comparable with the wavelength of visible light.

Abstract: This invention is related to an integrated driving circuit which can control high voltage and power, and more particularly to a high voltage and power driving circuit by employing BiCMOS technology. The principal object of this invention is to provide an integrated high voltage and high power driving circuit which is reliable by using BiCMOS technology without external discrete components.

Abstract: An improved liquid crystal device is described such as a display. The device comprises a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer, an electrode arrangement, and a ferroelectric film. The ferroelectric film is formed on the inside of the substrate by spining method using a mixture of a ferroelectric material and an organic resin. When coating, the mixture is diluted with a solvent so that the ferroelectric film can be formed as a thin film. In advance of curring, the ferroelectric film is subjected to an electric field and its dipole moment is aligned and fixed in a direction perpendicular to the substrate. In virtue of the dipole moment, the liquid crystal device can be controlled by applying a voltage in one direction with a high stability.

Abstract: A method and circuits for multiplex driving of a liquid crystal element employing a ferroelectric liquid crystal therein. The method includes the step of applying a voltage pulse having an amplitude and a pulse width which exceeds a saturation voltage during a first half of a selecting term or a non-selecting term just before the selecting term to place the liquid crystal element in an "ON" or "OFF" state. The method also includes the step of applying the voltage pulse having a opposite polarity with respect to said voltage pulse and having an amplitude and a pulse width smaller than the threshhold voltage or exceeding the saturation voltage so that it is selected in order to maintain or to change the "ON" or "OFF" state. Further, it includes the step of rendering the average of a DC component which is applied to the liquid crystal element to zero by the method for applying a voltage pulse.

Abstract: In an electronic control system having a main CPU and a slave CPU which is under the control of the main CPU, a power control circuit is provided between the power source and the slave CPU to stop supplying power to the slave CPU until the main CPU starts normal operation when the power to the overall system is turned on. The slave CPU does not start operation until the main CPU becomes capable of normal operation and control over the slave CPU, which prevents unexpected action of the slave CPU and the subordinate control object. The power control circuit is also effective in preventing the abnormal action of the slave CPU when the power to the overall system is turned off.

Abstract: A sensor element with a memory for changes of the incident light intensity. The sensor element comprises a light-sensitive element connected in series with a fixed resistor, and a light modulator shunted either across the light-sensitive element or the resistor. The light modulator influences the incidence of light onto the light-sensitive element. The reflection, absorption and/or transmission behavior of the light modulator changes as a function of the applied voltage or the current. The sensor element according to the invention has the advantage that it can be manufactured simply and cost-effectively so that it is also suitable for use in large arrays.

Abstract: An integrated, high speed, zero hold current and delay compensated charge pump operable at one of two different selectable pumping currents. The charge pump includes first and second supply terminals, a first input terminal for receiving digital charge-up control signals, a second input terminal for receiving digital charge-down control signals, and an output terminal. A first transistorized differential amplifier controls a first current flow of a first polarity between the first supply terminal and the output terminal as a function of the charge-up control signals. A second differential amplifier controls a second current flow between the first and second supply terminals as a function of the charge-down control signals. A pump current mirror produces a mirrored second current flow of a second polarity between the output terminal and the second supply terminal as a function of the second current flow.

Abstract: A matrix display device applicable to liquid crystal displays comprises a display material having an optical property inserted between two insulating walls. On the inner face of one of the walls (1) are arranged n row conductors, m column conductors, p resistive conductors and p.k electrodes grouped into p=m.(n-1) packets of k electrodes each, the electrodes E.sub.1 . . . E.sub.k of one packet P.sub.ii'j being connected by switches I.sub.1 . . . I.sub.k to a column conductor C.sub.j and to a resistive conductor R.sub.ii'j, itself connected between two row conductors L.sub.i and L.sub.i', with i, i' and j being integers such that i.noteq.i', l.ltoreq.i<n, l<i.ltoreq.n and l.ltoreq.i.ltoreq.m. On the inner face of the other wall is placed a counterelectrode. A process for controlling the display device is also disclosed. The invention more particularly applies to liquid crystal display devices.

Abstract: A color image recording apparatus employing a liquid crystal shutter array in which a color picture can be recorded with high quality using a small-sized apparatus and without requiring complex operations. A liquid crystal shutter array of the apparatus includes pixel electrodes and a shutter common electrode disposed in opposition to the pixel electrodes with a gap therebetween filled with a liquid crystal, a pair of transparent substrates supporting the pixel electrodes and the shutter common electrode by sandwiching the pixel electrodes and the shutter common electrode therebetween, and polarization plates stacked on the respective outsides of the transparent plates. A color liquid crystal layer is stacked on the liquid crystal shutter array constituted by first and second common electrodes disposed in opposition to each other with the gap therebetween filled with an ECB mode liquid crystal, and a pair of transparent substrates supporting the common electrodes.

Abstract: LCD screen illumination is provided by a neon tube formed to fit closely adjacent the screen. A tube formed to fit around the periphery of the screen shielded from the viewer's eyes can be utilized to front light the screen. A serpentine shaped tube can be placed adjacent the back of the screen to back light the screen. The tube can be formed to have a size coextensive with the screen configuration and can have a light diffuser between the tube and the screen to provide uniform illumination. The tube can provide any desired color, an adjustable high maximum surface brightness, high electrical efficiency and a narrow profile.

Abstract: A connecting structure for connecting a liquid crystal display and a flexible flat cable by soldering electrode terminals formed over the lower glass substrate of the liquid crystal display and connecting electrodes formed over the surface of the free end of the flexible flat cable, and by solidifying the junction of the liquid crystal display and the flexible flat cable with a resin. Through holes are formed in the free end of the flexible flat cable between the connecting electrodes at an appropriate pitch so that the through holes extend lengthwise across the end of the lower glass substrate when the flexible flat cable is put in place on the lower glass substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display which incorporates auxiliary repair lines which cross over the main address lines of the display. The repair lines can be electrically shorted to address lines at their crossover points to repair open circuited address lines. The repair may be driven from drive pads on either end to supply signals to otherwise open-circuited address lines. After a repair line has been short circuited to an address line, the remaining portion of the repair line is cut off to form a second repair line drivable from the driver pad connected to their portion of the line.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes first board having a reference voltage electrode on one surface, a second board having, on a main surface, a lattice of conductive stripes, a plurality of pairs of a transistor and a picture element electrode, each pair being disposed at each crossing point of the conductive stripes and the transistors being thin film transistors using polycrystalline or amorphous silicon, and a driving circuit for driving the conductive stripes, the driving circuit being formed in a monocrystalline silicon in a form of semiconductor integrated circuit directly connected to the conductive stripes, and a liquid crystal interposed between the one surface of the first board and the main surface of the second board.

Abstract: A projection tube includes a liquid crystal cell having liquid crystal material sandwiched between two plates. The cell is addressable by an electron beam and serves as a light valve for plane-parallel light with which the projection tube is illuminated from behind. On the side facing the liquid crystal material, the plate on which the electron beam writes has dot coatings of indium-tin oxide to achieve a high resolution and a sharp definition of the image to be displayed on a screen. The side of the plate on which the electron beam writes has an insulating layer of magnesium oxide.

Abstract: A process for the production of a diode array and liquid crystal display screen. Each display point of the array has a projection connected to an addressing column by a bridge with two diodes connected head to head. The process only involves two photogravure operations. In a second embodiment, a second bridge is connected to an adjacent column by way of the a second projection.

Abstract: The liquid crystal cell (30) for the optical change-over switch comprises a pair of transparent substrates (1), a pair of transparent flat electrodes (2) provided on the respective opposing surfaces of the substrates, orientation control films (3) provided on the flat electrodes (2), two pair of comb shaped electrodes (33) respectively provided on the orientation control films (3), and a ferroelectric liquid crystal layer (4) confined between the substrates (1). The optical incidence plane (31) to the cell (30) is so selected that the plane (31) is away from the helical axes (9) of the ferroelectric liquid crystal in the cell (30) in the order of somewhat greater than the tilt angle (.theta..sub.t) of the ferroelectric liquid crystal.

Abstract: There is disclosed a technique for improving user perceived quality of an LCD device comprising optimizing the electrode width and inter-electrode spacing, and simultaneously causing inter-electrode spaces and information to appear dark while the background appears bright.