Abstract: Some embodiments provide methods and systems for creating ladder/standards as quality control tools for length-based separation of carbon nanotubes; determining the length purity; or measuring distribution of lengths of a collection of carbon nanotubes. Some embodiments further provide methods and systems for dispersing carbon nanotubes by conjugation of the carbon nanotubes with biomolecule moieties, specifically proteins. Further, some embodiments provide an indicator for length-based separation of carbon nanotubes via conjugation of one or more biomolecules onto the surfaces of the nanotubes. In some embodiments, such a method can include conjugating a biomolecule to the carbon nanotubes and subjecting the conjugated carbon nanotubes to silver-stained gel electrophoresis to separate the conjugated carbon nanotubes based on their lengths.

Abstract: The invention described herein provides, in part, improved methods, compositions, and kits for detecting analytes in biological samples.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to very large scale FET arrays for analyte measurements. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes. In one example, chemFET arrays facilitate DNA sequencing techniques based on monitoring changes in hydrogen ion concentration (pH), changes in other analyte concentration, and/or binding events associated with chemical processes relating to DNA synthesis.

Abstract: Described herein is an amperometric biosensor, e.g., chronoamperometric biosensor for the measurement of the concentration of nicotine. Also disclosed herein is a wearable nicotine biosensor device and a biosensor that detects nicotine in smoke. The biosensor disclosed herein comprises a nicotine-catalyzing enzyme, such as NicA2 or mutant NicA2 enzymes. Also described herein are systems comprising said amperometric biosensor, e.g., chronoamperometric biosensor and methods of using said chronoamperometric biosensor.

Abstract: A fluid entrained particle separator may include an inlet passage to direct particles entrained in a fluid, a first separation passage branching from the inlet passage, a second separation passage branching from the inlet passage and electrodes to create electric field exerting a dielectrophoretic force on the particles to direct the particles to the first separation passage or the second separation passage, wherein the first separation passage, the second separation passage, the electric field and the dielectrophoretic force extend in a plane.

Abstract: The present application provides a digital microfluidic device. The digital microfluidic device includes a base substrate; and an electrode array including a plurality of discrete electrodes continuously arranged on the base substrate. The plurality of discrete electrodes can be grouped into a plurality of first electrode groups, each of which including a plurality of directly adjacent discrete electrodes. The plurality of discrete electrodes can be alternatively grouped into a plurality of second electrode groups, each of which including a plurality of directly adjacent discrete electrodes.

Abstract: A method of fluid manipulation involves applying electric signals at one or more electrodes located on or adjacent to a surface in contact with a liquid that contains a surfactant. The electric field generated by the electric signals (e.g., biasing voltage) applied to the electrodes makes the liquid less wetting on the surface than the natural state and can be used to move or modify the shape of the liquid droplet placed on the surface. One embodiment makes a liquid dewet locally on a surface by applying electric signals locally on the surface so that the liquid can be electrically manipulated on a hydrophilic surface.

Abstract: In some examples, a circuit arrangement has a first output node for connection to a first electrode of the electrochemical cell, a second output node for connection to a second electrode of the electrochemical cell and a third output node for connection to a third electrode of the electrochemical cell. The circuit arrangement further has an interface circuit designed to output a first voltage at the first output node and further designed to output a third voltage at the third output node, which third voltage is set such that a second voltage at the second output node corresponds to a reference voltage. A control unit is designed to set the first voltage such that a predetermined cell voltage is applied between the first and the second output node. The control circuit is further designed to adjust the reference voltage depending on the electrical state of the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: An electrowetting panel includes a base substrate; an electrode array layer, including a plurality of electrodes arranged into an array; an insulating hydrophobic layer; a microfluidic channel layer located on the base substrate. Each electrode of the plurality of electrodes is connected to a driving circuit, and a droplet can move along a first direction by applying an electric voltage on each electrode. The insulating hydrophobic layer is located on the electrode array layer, and the microfluidic channel layer is located on the insulating hydrophobic layer. The electrodes includes a plurality of driving electrodes and a plurality of detecting electrodes. Along the first direction, a number N of the driving electrodes is located between every two adjacent detecting electrodes, where N is a natural number. The electrowetting panel also includes a detecting chip electrically connected to the detecting electrodes.

Abstract: The invention includes method and materials designed to measure the material properties (e.g. thickness) of layers of material in a sensor using non-Faradaic EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) methods. The methods are non-destructive, very sensitive and rapid. Typically in these methods, an AC voltage is applied to the desired material layer while the output current and therefore impedance is measured. This voltage can be applied in multiple frequencies in sweep mode in order to detect both the material and, for example, the thickness of the target material. In this way, EIS allows the characterization of properties of various layers of material disposed in devices such as electrochemical glucose sensors.

Abstract: A method for using a biosensor to determine the concentration of a target analyte, that does not require a pre-test calibration step. Small variations between electrodes on different biosensors, even when the biosensors are designed to be identical and manufactured in as close a manner as possible, can lead to significant variations in output when the electrochemical method is applied. Therefore, existing biosensors are calibrated before use, either during manufacturing or just prior to use. Prior calibration is not feasible for disposable applications, and increases the complexity of use if required to be performed by the end-user. A self-parative calibration method is described in which certain constants are determined during testing of the biosensor, then applied to all uses of the biosensor, so that an additional calibration step is not required.

Abstract: The present technology for the detection and analysis of analytes within a sample is based on molecular biology methods, including western blotting, gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and RT-PCR, which are normally time-consuming and laborious. The present disclosure provides novel OECT based electrochemical biosensors that can enable the convenient and cost-effective determination of analytes within a sample with high sensitivity and selectivity.

Abstract: An analyte sensor comprising: a non-conductive material; a conductive material disposed on the non-conductive material; and at least two sensing structures defined by a removed portion of the conductive material, the at least two sensing structures comprising a reagent composition.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a structural body made up from a solid electrolyte that exhibits oxygen ion conductivity, a gas introduction port formed in the structural body, a preliminary chamber communicating with the gas introduction port and equipped with a preliminary pump electrode, a main chamber communicating with the preliminary chamber and equipped with a main pump electrode, and a measurement chamber communicating with the main chamber and equipped with a measurement electrode. In the gas sensor, at least a surface of the preliminary pump electrode is made of a material which exhibits a low activity with respect to a reaction between ammonia and oxygen.

Abstract: In a gas sensor configured to measure the concentrations of a plurality of components in the presence of oxygen, in the interior of a structural body made from an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte, a preliminary chamber having a mixed potential electrode, an oxygen concentration adjustment chamber having a main pump electrode, and a measurement chamber having a measurement electrode are formed in a manner communicating in this order. While oxygen within the gas to be measured is being discharged by the main pump electrode and the measurement electrode, the NH3 concentration within the gas to be measured is measured by a mixed potential V0 of the mixed potential electrode.

Abstract: Devices and methods for determining one or more analyte concentrations in a sample, determining a sample type, and/or accounting for interference species in a sample are disclosed that include intertwining a first input signal, via a first electrode having a reagent, with a second input signal, via a second electrode lacking a reagent, by applying to the sample the first input signal having at least two excitations and a relaxation, and applying to the sample the second input signal having at least two excitations and a relaxation, such that the excitations of the first input signal are nonconcurrent with the excitations of the second input signal. The method further includes measuring a first output signal responsive to the first input signal and a second output signal responsive to the second input signal.

Abstract: A method for predicting corrosion rates of a material during service conditions is provided, the method having the steps of determining a first phase composition of the material; exposing the material to service conditions chemical environment; applying an electrical potential to the exposed material to represent the solution redox; identifying ranges of the applied potential that correspond to different corrosion behaviors of the material; quantifying current and surface electrical properties during corrosion; and determining a second phase composition of the material to identify corroded phases.

Abstract: In some embodiments, an electrochemical sensing system includes a working electrode and a reference electrode. At least a portion of the working electrode includes rhodium. An electrical circuit is electronically coupled to the working electrode and the reference electrode. The electrical circuit is configured to bias the working electrode at voltage of less than about 0.4 V which is sufficient to electrochemically decompose a target analyte, and to measure a current corresponding to the concentration of the target analyte. In some embodiments, a biosensing molecule can be disposed on the working electrode and is operative to catalytically decompose a non-electroactive target analyte to yield and an electroactive by-product. In some embodiment, the reference electrode can include rhodium and its oxides.

Abstract: Methods for fabricating a biochip for detecting or sequencing biomolecules are shown. Such a biochip may for instance include: a base member; a dielectric layer deposited on the base member and having at least two rows of discrete recesses formed thereon; and two or more electrodes sandwiched between the base member and the dielectric layer and running under respective row of discrete recesses, the two or more electrodes separated from each other along lengths thereof by a portion of the dielectric layer; wherein the dielectric layer defines a continuous operation surface above the electrodes and on which the discrete recesses are deposited for detecting or sequencing of biomolecules, when an electric field is applied through the electrodes, a field gradient is created to draw a biomolecule towards a preferred part of the operation surface.

Abstract: The device uses pulsed electric fields to prevent the growth of biofilm and the attachment of bacteria to targeted surfaces. The device sets up an electric field around or surrounding the surface itself. These pulsed electric fields disrupt biofilm formation and bacterial attachment to surfaces. The device is meant to prevent the formation of biofilm or attachment of bacteria to a surface as opposed to disinfecting the surface.